| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Pomo, Kashaya Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of leaves or root taken for upset stomach. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 96 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Pomo, Kashaya Drug, Other Infusion of leaves or root taken for weak bowels. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 96 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Pomo, Kashaya Food, Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 96 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Pomo, Kashaya Food, Winter Use Food Berries canned. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 96 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Puyallup Food, Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 35 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Quileute Food, Fruit Fruits eaten raw. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Quileute Food, Fruit Fruits stewed and used for food. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Quileute Food, Winter Use Food Fruits canned and saved for future food use. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Salish, Coast Food, Bread & Cake Berries mashed, dried in rectangular frames and cakes used as a winter food. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Salish, Coast Food, Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Shoshoni Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of powdered stems applied to wounds and cuts. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 131 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Shuswap Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 67 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Skagit, Upper Food, Dried Food Berries pulped and dried for winter use. Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Skagit, Upper Food, Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Spokan Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 343 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Thompson Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Mild infusion of washed roots taken for influenza. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 269 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Thompson Dye, Unspecified Juice squeezed from dark reddish-purple fruits and used as a stain. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 502 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Thompson Food, Dried Food Fruit dried for winter use. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 269 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Thompson Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 269 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Thompson Food, Fruit Reddish-purple berries eaten. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 487 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Used commonly for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Young shoots peeled, cooked over a fire and eaten alone or with fish. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 269 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Yuki Food, Dried Food Berries dried and cooked as a winter food. Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 87 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Yuki Food, Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 87 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Yurok Food, Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 51 |
| Rubus leucodermis var. leucodermis Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 275 |
| Rubus leucodermis var. leucodermis Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Kitasoo Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 348 |
| Rubus leucodermis var. leucodermis Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Oweekeno Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 112 |
| Rubus macraei Gray 'akala USDA RUMA6 |
Hawaiian Drug, Antiemetic Plant ashes mixed with poi or potatoes and eaten for vomiting. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 8 |
| Rubus macraei Gray 'akala USDA RUMA6 |
Hawaiian Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of plant ashes and tobacco leaf ashes used as a wash for scaly scalps. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 8 |
| Rubus macraei Gray 'akala USDA RUMA6 |
Hawaiian Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Plant ashes mixed with papaia meat and eaten for burning in the chest. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 8 |
| Rubus nivalis Dougl. ex Hook. Snow Raspberry USDA RUNI2 |
Hoh Food, Fruit Fruits eaten raw. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63 |
| Rubus nivalis Dougl. ex Hook. Snow Raspberry USDA RUNI2 |
Hoh Food, Fruit Fruits stewed and used for food. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63 |
| Rubus nivalis Dougl. ex Hook. Snow Raspberry USDA RUNI2 |
Hoh Food, Winter Use Food Fruits canned and saved for future food use. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63 |
| Rubus nivalis Dougl. ex Hook. Snow Raspberry USDA RUNI2 |
Quileute Food, Fruit Fruits eaten raw. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63 |
| Rubus nivalis Dougl. ex Hook. Snow Raspberry USDA RUNI2 |
Quileute Food, Fruit Fruits stewed and used for food. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63 |
| Rubus nivalis Dougl. ex Hook. Snow Raspberry USDA RUNI2 |
Quileute Food, Winter Use Food Fruits canned and saved for future food use. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 63 |
| Rubus occidentalis L. Black Raspberry USDA RUOC |
Cherokee Drug, Analgesic Strong infusion of red raspberry leaves used for childbirth pains. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52 |
| Rubus occidentalis L. Black Raspberry USDA RUOC |
Cherokee Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Thorny branch used to scratch rheumatism. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52 |
| Rubus occidentalis L. Black Raspberry USDA RUOC |
Cherokee Drug, Cathartic Infusion of roots taken as a cathartic by women during menses. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 30 |
| Rubus occidentalis L. Black Raspberry USDA RUOC |
Cherokee Drug, Cathartic Taken as a purgative. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52 |
| Rubus occidentalis L. Black Raspberry USDA RUOC |
Cherokee Drug, Cough Medicine Root chewed for cough. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52 |
| Rubus occidentalis L. Black Raspberry USDA RUOC |
Cherokee Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion taken as a tonic for boils. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52 |
| Rubus occidentalis L. Black Raspberry USDA RUOC |
Cherokee Drug, Dermatological Aid Leaves highly astringent and decoction taken for bowel complaint. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52 |
| Rubus occidentalis L. Black Raspberry USDA RUOC |
Cherokee Drug, Dermatological Aid Used as wash for old and foul sores and infusion taken as tonic for boils. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52 |
| Rubus occidentalis L. Black Raspberry USDA RUOC |
Cherokee Drug, Emetic Infusion of roots taken as an emetic by women during menses. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 30 |
| Rubus occidentalis L. Black Raspberry USDA RUOC |
Cherokee Drug, Emetic Taken as an emetic. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52 |
| Rubus occidentalis L. Black Raspberry USDA RUOC |
Cherokee Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction taken for bowel complaint. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52 |
| Rubus occidentalis L. Black Raspberry USDA RUOC |
Cherokee Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion of roots taken as an emetic and cathartic by women during menses. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 30 |
| Rubus occidentalis L. Black Raspberry USDA RUOC |
Cherokee Drug, Gynecological Aid Strong infusion used for childbirth pains and decoction used for menstrual period. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52 |