| Acer glabrum Torr. Rocky Mountain Maple USDA ACGLG2 |
Thompson Fiber, Cordage Fibrous inner bark used to make twine. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 146 |
| Acer macrophyllum Pursh Bigleaf Maple USDA ACMA3 |
Cowlitz Fiber, Cordage Bark used to make rope and tumplines. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 39 |
| Agave deserti Engelm. Desert Agave USDA AGDED |
Cahuilla Fiber, Cordage Pounded leaves dried and made into nets used for baby cradles. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31 |
| Agave deserti Engelm. Desert Agave USDA AGDED |
Cahuilla Fiber, Cordage Pounded leaves dried and made into nets, slings and cordage. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31 |
| Agave deserti Engelm. Desert Agave USDA AGDED |
Pima Fiber, Cordage Dead leaves cut, beaten, and fibers twined into cords or rope. Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 48 |
| Agave lechuguilla Torr. Lechuguilla USDA AGLE |
Papago Fiber, Cordage Leaves used to make rough cordage. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 61 |
| Agave lechuguilla Torr. Lechuguilla USDA AGLE |
Papago Other, Cash Crop Fibers and the cordage made from them bartered with the Pimas for blankets and cotton. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 61 |
| Agave sp. Mescal |
Hualapai Fiber, Cordage Cut, split leaves used to make rope. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55 |
| Agave sp. Mescal |
Navajo Fiber, Cordage Plant fibers used to make rope. Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Cordage Young branches twisted into rope. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120 |
| Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading Dogbane USDA APAN2 |
Bella Coola Fiber, Cordage Stems dried, pounded and used to make twine. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 201 |
| Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading Dogbane USDA APAN2 |
Great Basin Indian Fiber, Cordage Root and branch outer fiber used to make nets, cordage and thread. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49 |
| Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading Dogbane USDA APAN2 |
Menominee Fiber, Cordage Three strands of outer bark plaited into a very strong cord and cord plaited into heavier ropes. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 73 |
| Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading Dogbane USDA APAN2 |
Montana Indian Fiber, Cordage Bark used as a chief source for cordage. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6 |
| Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading Dogbane USDA APAN2 |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Cordage Stems used to make fiber, as a substitute for Indian hemp. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72 |
| Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading Dogbane USDA APAN2 |
Thompson Fiber, Cordage Inner bark fiber used as thread and twine for binding and tying. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497 |
| Apocynum cannabinum L. Indianhemp USDA APCA |
California Indian Fiber, Cordage Outer and inner bark used to make string. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 60 |
| Apocynum cannabinum L. Indianhemp USDA APCA |
Cherokee Fiber, Cordage Used to make cords. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Apocynum cannabinum L. Indianhemp USDA APCA |
Chippewa Fiber, Cordage Fiber considered the best available for making fine cordage. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 140 |
| Apocynum cannabinum L. Indianhemp USDA APCA |
Kutenai Fiber, Cordage Used to make twine and rope. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 12 |
| Apocynum cannabinum L. Indianhemp USDA APCA |
Luiseno Fiber, Cordage Inner bark fiber soaked in boiling water and used to make twine. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202 |
| Apocynum cannabinum L. Indianhemp USDA APCA |
Mendocino Indian Fiber, Cordage Inner bark fiber used to make rope. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378 |
| Apocynum cannabinum L. Indianhemp USDA APCA |
Meskwaki Fiber, Cordage Outer bast fiber plaited into heavy cord and two-ply cord. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267 |
| Apocynum cannabinum L. Indianhemp USDA APCA |
Nez Perce Fiber, Cordage Stalks dried, split into fibers and used to make rope. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 12 |
| Apocynum cannabinum L. Indianhemp USDA APCA |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Cordage Stems twisted and rolled into twine. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72 |
| Apocynum cannabinum L. Indianhemp USDA APCA |
Okanagon Fiber, Cordage Inner bark used for making rope and twine. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
| Apocynum cannabinum L. Indianhemp USDA APCA |
Paiute, Northern Fiber, Cordage Stem fibers twisted and plied into cordage and nets. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 75 |
| Apocynum cannabinum L. Indianhemp USDA APCA |
Paiute, Northern Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Stem fibers twisted and plied into cordage and nets. Fowler, Catherine S., 1990, Tule Technology: Northern Paiute Uses of Marsh Resources in Western Nevada, Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press, page 75 |
| Apocynum cannabinum L. Indianhemp USDA APCA |
Shuswap Fiber, Cordage Stems used to make bridle ropes, bowstrings and thread for sewing baskets and buckskin. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 57 |
| Apocynum cannabinum L. Indianhemp USDA APCA |
Thompson Fiber, Cordage Inner bark used for making rope and twine. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
| Apocynum cannabinum L. Indianhemp USDA APCA |
Thompson Fiber, Cordage Inner bark used for making rope and twine. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498 |
| Apocynum cannabinum L. Indianhemp USDA APCA |
Thompson Fiber, Cordage Plant made into rope and used to make fishnets. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 159 |
| Apocynum cannabinum L. Indianhemp USDA APCA |
Thompson Fiber, Cordage Stems used to make string. The stems were cut in the fall, usually in October, soaked and sometimes split in half. The fibrous outer skin was peeled off and the brittle inner stem discarded. The fibrous part was then dried for indefinite storage and used to make string. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 159 |
| Apocynum sp. |
Shoshoni Fiber, Cordage Plant used to make string. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 52 |
| Apocynum sp. |
Wintoon Fiber, Cordage Used to make the best string and thread. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 276 |
| Apocynum ?floribundum Greene (pro sp.) [androsaemifolium ? cannabinum] Intermediate Dogbane USDA APFL |
Havasupai Fiber, Cordage Vines, with leaves removed, twisted into a rope and used by children in play. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 236 |
| Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb. Silverweed Cinquefoil USDA ARAN7 |
Blackfoot Fiber, Cordage Runners used by girls to tie blankets. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119 |
| Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb. Silverweed Cinquefoil USDA ARAN7 |
Blackfoot Fiber, Cordage Runners used to fix leggings in place. The leggings were tied above the knee and then folded over to the ankle, like a boot. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 119 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Paiute Fiber, Cordage Bark used to make cordage. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119 |
| Asclepias eriocarpa Benth. Woollypod Milkweed USDA ASER |
Concow Fiber, Cordage Used to make ropes and string. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 379 |
| Asclepias eriocarpa Benth. Woollypod Milkweed USDA ASER |
Luiseno Fiber, Cordage Stem fiber or decayed stem fiber used to make twine. The stems were soaked in boiling water or the decayed stems were basted with boiling water to separate the fiber. The fiber was then formed into a ball and made into twine. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 202 |
| Asclepias eriocarpa Benth. Woollypod Milkweed USDA ASER |
Pomo, Kashaya Fiber, Cordage Stem fibers used to make two ply string. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 70 |
| Asclepias fascicularis Dcne. Mexican Whorled Milkweed USDA ASFA |
Costanoan Fiber, Cordage Stem fiber used as cordage. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 252 |
| Asclepias fascicularis Dcne. Mexican Whorled Milkweed USDA ASFA |
Kawaiisu Fiber, Cordage Stems used as the principal source of cordage. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 14 |
| Asclepias incarnata L. Swamp Milkweed USDA ASINI |
Chippewa Fiber, Cordage Fiber used to make good twine. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 140 |
| Asclepias sp. Milkweed |
Cahuilla Fiber, Cordage Stem cordage used to make nets, slings and snares to capture small game. The stem was pounded to loosen the fiber, which then was extracted by rubbing the stem between the palms of the hands. The fiber was rolled on the thigh to produce cordage; its many uses testified to its natural strength and durability. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 43 |
| Asclepias sp. Milkweed |
Cahuilla Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Stem cordage used to make nets, slings and snares to capture small game. The stem was pounded to loosen the fiber, which then was extracted by rubbing the stem between the palms of the hands. The fiber was rolled on the thigh to produce cordage; its many uses testified to its natural strength and durability. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 43 |
| Asclepias sp. Milkweed |
Modesse Fiber, Cordage Stems used for making string and cord. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 224 |
| Asclepias sp. Milkweed |
Neeshenam Fiber, Cordage Inner bark used to make strings and cords. Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 378 |
| Asclepias sp. Milkweed |
Tewa Fiber, Cordage Mature plants used to make string and rope. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 54 |