| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Food, Preservative Soft, rotten wood burned to make a slow, smoky fire to smoke cure meat and fish. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Fuel Bark fragments ignited from coals or smoldering tinder and used to start a fire. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Koyukon Other, Fuel Bark used to start campfires or light the stove at home. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Koyukon Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 53 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Other, Fuel After stripping a felled tree of its bark, it was salvaged for firewood. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Other, Fuel Scraps of bark used by women to kindle or light fires. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 416 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Tanana, Upper Other, Fuel Black colored stem growth used as tinder for kindling fires with a fire drill. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Tanana, Upper Other, Fuel Black stem growth used as tinder for starting fires with a fire drill. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Tanana, Upper Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Tanana, Upper Other, Tools Wood used to make the bow of the fire drill. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5 |
| Betula pubescens ssp. pubescens Downy Birch USDA BEPU5 |
Chippewa Fiber, Canoe Material Bark used in boat building. The bark was stripped off at raspberry ripening time, laid away and pressed flat until the next spring. When required for manufacture, especially in boat building, it was heated over a fire to make it pliable for shaping to the purpose. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128 |
| Bidens coronata (L.) Britt. Crowned Beggarticks USDA BICO |
Seminole Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Plant used for fire sickness: fever and body aches. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 204 |
| Bidens coronata (L.) Britt. Crowned Beggarticks USDA BICO |
Seminole Drug, Febrifuge Plant used for fire sickness: fever and body aches. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 204 |
| Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm. Deer Fern USDA BLSP |
Hesquiat Drug, Dermatological Aid Fronds used as a good medicine for skin sores. This medicine was first learned about from watching the deer, who rub their antler stubs on this plant when their antlers break off. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29 |
| Brassica rapa var. rapa Birdrape USDA BRRAR |
Mendocino Indian Food, Vegetable Young leaves eaten as greens in imitation of the first white settlers who first ate them. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 352 |
| Brodiaea elegans Hoover Elegant Clusterlily USDA BRELE |
Yurok Food, Vegetable Bulbs baked in sand with a fire built over them. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 21 |
| Bryum capillare (L.) Hedw. Moss |
Seminole Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Plant used for fire sickness: fever and body aches. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 203 |
| Bryum capillare (L.) Hedw. Moss |
Seminole Drug, Febrifuge Plant used for fire sickness: fever and body aches. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 203 |
| Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl. Pinegrass USDA CARU |
Thompson Other, Cooking Tools Grass used in drying soapberries. The grass was washed, braided at the ends and laid out on a rack upon which the soapberries were placed to dry. A small fire was lit under the racks and when the berries were dried, they were stored with the grass still attached. Then, for use, the berries and grass were soaked in water and hand mixed. The grass, which helped to whip the berries, eventually floated to the top after which it was removed. Any remaining grass was removed by the person eating the berry whip. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140 |
| Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin Incense Cedar USDA CADE27 |
Klamath Other, Fuel Twig used as a twirling stick to produce fire by friction. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 88 |
| Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin Incense Cedar USDA CADE27 |
Klamath Other, Fuel Wood used for fire blocks. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 88 |
| Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene Small Camas USDA CAQUQ |
Karok Food, Vegetable Bulbs used for food. Bulbs were dug up with a stick and placed in a pit two feet in diameter. Leaves of Vitis californica were placed on the bottom, a layer of bulbs and then another layer of Vitis californica leaves. Finally a layer of dirt was added and a fire built on top. The mush formed was pure white and eaten by itself. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 21 |
| Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene Small Camas USDA CAQUQ |
Montana Indian Food, Staple Bulbs formerly fire baked and used as a sweet and nutritious staple. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 14 |
| Capsicum annuum L. Cayenne Pepper USDA CAANA4 |
Papago Food, Unspecified Species used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 121 |
| Capsicum annuum L. Cayenne Pepper USDA CAANA4 |
Pima Food, Unspecified Species used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 121 |
| Capsicum annuum var. annuum Cayenne Pepper USDA CAANA4 |
Pima Food, Spice Used for seasoning. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 121 |
| Cardamine californica var. californica Milkmaids USDA CACAC3 |
Yurok Other, Season Indicator First plant to flower in the spring. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 27 |
| Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Saguaro USDA CAGI7 |
Papago Food, Unspecified Fruits and seeds used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 59 |
| Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Saguaro USDA CAGI7 |
Papago Other, Season Indicator Saguaro harvest marked the beginning of the new year. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 59 |
| Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Saguaro USDA CAGI7 |
Pima Other, Season Indicator Saguaro harvest marked the beginning of the new year. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 59 |
| Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell. Mockernut Hickory USDA CAAL27 |
Cherokee Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don Shellbark Hickory USDA CALA21 |
Cherokee Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn. Sand Hickory USDA CAPA24 |
Cherokee Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. American Chestnut USDA CADE12 |
Cherokee Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 29 |
| Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt. Buckbrush USDA CECUC3 |
Kawaiisu Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 17 |
| Ceanothus oliganthus Nutt. Explorer's Bush USDA CEOL |
Pomo Other, Tools Wood used to make the fire drill. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 288 |
| Ceanothus sp. California Lilac |
Cahuilla Other, Fuel Used for firewood. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 51 |
| Celtis laevigata Willd. Sugarberry USDA CELAL |
Comanche Food, Fruit Fruits beaten to a pulp, mixed with fat, rolled into balls and roasted over fire. Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 521 |
| Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L. Benson Netleaf Hackberry USDA CELAR |
Havasupai Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 215 |
| Celtis occidentalis L. Common Hackberry USDA CEOC |
Kiowa Food, Fruit Berries pounded into a paste like consistency, molded onto a stick and baked over an open fire. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 23 |
| Celtis occidentalis L. Common Hackberry USDA CEOC |
Kiowa Other, Fuel Wood used as fuel for the altar fire in the peyote ceremony. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 22 |
| Cercocarpus montanus Raf. True Mountain Mahogany USDA CEMOM4 |
Keres, Western Other, Containers Dried root used as a hearth for fires. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35 |
| Cercocarpus montanus Raf. True Mountain Mahogany USDA CEMOM4 |
Keres, Western Other, Tools Dried sticks used as spindles for fire by friction. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35 |
| Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub Fireweed USDA CHANA2 |
Cheyenne Drug, Antihemorrhagic Infusion of dried, pulverized leaves taken for bowel hemorrhage. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 181 |
| Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub Fireweed USDA CHANA2 |
Cheyenne Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of dried leaves or dried roots taken for bowel hemorrhages. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 181 |
| Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium Fireweed USDA CHANA2 |
Abnaki Drug, Cough Medicine Roots used for coughs. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 154 |
| Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium Fireweed USDA CHANA2 |
Alaska Native Food, Dietary Aid Young, tender greens, properly prepared, used as a good source of vitamin C and pro-vitamin A. Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 31 |
| Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium Fireweed USDA CHANA2 |
Alaska Native Food, Unspecified Young stems peeled and eaten raw. Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 31 |
| Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium Fireweed USDA CHANA2 |
Alaska Native Food, Vegetable Young shoots mixed with other greens and eaten. Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 31 |
| Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium Fireweed USDA CHANA2 |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of boiled roots applied to 'sick' skin. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 128 |