| Acer glabrum var. neomexicanum (Greene) Kearney & Peebles New Mexico Maple USDA ACGLN2 |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Sweetener Sap collected and boiled to obtain syrup and sugar. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44 |
| Acer negundo L. Boxelder USDA ACNEN |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Sweetener Inner bark boiled until sugar crystallizes out of it. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44 |
| Acer negundo L. Boxelder USDA ACNEN |
Dakota Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 366 |
| Acer negundo L. Boxelder USDA ACNEN |
Omaha Food, Sweetener Sap boiled to make sugar and syrup. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 329 |
| Acer negundo L. Boxelder USDA ACNEN |
Omaha Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 101 |
| Acer negundo L. Boxelder USDA ACNEN |
Pawnee Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 101 |
| Acer negundo L. Boxelder USDA ACNEN |
Ponca Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 101 |
| Acer negundo L. Boxelder USDA ACNEN |
Winnebago Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 101 |
| Acer negundo var. interius (Britt.) Sarg. Boxelder Maple USDA ACNEI2 |
Cree Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 44 |
| Acer nigrum Michx. f. Black Maple USDA ACNI5 |
Ojibwa Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234 |
| Acer rubrum L. Red Maple USDA ACRUR |
Abnaki Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 170 |
| Acer rubrum L. Red Maple USDA ACRUR |
Abnaki Food, Sweetener Used as a sweetener. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152 |
| Acer rubrum L. Red Maple USDA ACRUR |
Algonquin, Quebec Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 99 |
| Acer saccharinum L. Silver Maple USDA ACSA2 |
Chippewa Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 136 |
| Acer saccharinum L. Silver Maple USDA ACSA2 |
Dakota Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 100 |
| Acer saccharinum L. Silver Maple USDA ACSA2 |
Iroquois Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 142 |
| Acer saccharinum L. Silver Maple USDA ACSA2 |
Ojibwa Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234 |
| Acer saccharinum L. Silver Maple USDA ACSA2 |
Omaha Food, Sweetener Sap boiled to make sugar and syrup. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 328 |
| Acer saccharinum L. Silver Maple USDA ACSA2 |
Omaha Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 100 |
| Acer saccharinum L. Silver Maple USDA ACSA2 |
Ponca Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 100 |
| Acer saccharinum L. Silver Maple USDA ACSA2 |
Winnebago Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 100 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Algonquin, Quebec Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 98 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Cherokee Food, Sweetener Juice used to make sugar. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Cherokee Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of 'Wild' Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 32 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Dakota Food, Sweetener Sap formerly used to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 100 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Iroquois Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 52 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Iroquois Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 142 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Malecite Food, Sweetener Used to make maple syrup and sugar. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Menominee Food, Sweetener Boiled sap made into maple sugar and used in almost every combination of cookery. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 61 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Meskwaki Food, Sweetener Maple sugar used instead of salt as seasoning in cooking. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 255 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Mohegan Food, Sweetener Sap used as a sweetening agent and to make maple syrup. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 69 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Ojibwa Food, Sweetener Maple sugar used to season all kinds of meats, replaced now with salt. Smith describes in detail the process by which the Ojibwe make maple syrup. Although now (1932) they use iron kettles, originally the sap and storage vessels were 'made of birch bark, sewed with boiled basswood fiber or the core of the jack pine root.' The vessels are rendered waterproof by the application of pitch secured by boiling jack pine cones. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 394 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Potawatomi Food, Sweetener Maple sugar used, instead of salt, to season all cooking. The sugar maple and the black sugar maple are found all over Wisconsin and were considered to be the most valuable trees in the forest because they furnished them their seasoning material. While they do use salt today, it is an acquired ingredient and most of the old people would prefer to have sugar for their seasoning. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 92 |
| Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze Blue Giant Hyssop USDA AGFO |
Dakota Food, Sweetener Plant used as a sweetening flavor in cooking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113 |
| Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze Blue Giant Hyssop USDA AGFO |
Omaha Food, Sweetener Plant used as a sweetening flavor in cooking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113 |
| Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze Blue Giant Hyssop USDA AGFO |
Pawnee Food, Sweetener Plant used as a sweetening flavor in cooking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113 |
| Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze Blue Giant Hyssop USDA AGFO |
Ponca Food, Sweetener Plant used as a sweetening flavor in cooking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113 |
| Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze Blue Giant Hyssop USDA AGFO |
Winnebago Food, Sweetener Plant used as a sweetening flavor in cooking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113 |
| Agave sp. Mescal |
Hualapai Food, Sweetener Stems, before blooming, eaten like sugar cane. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Clallam Food, Sweetener Sap mixed with soapberry whip as a sweetener. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198 |
| Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. Carelessweed USDA AMPA |
Navajo Food, Sweetener Parched, ground seeds chewed to obtain sugar. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46 |
| Amaranthus sp. Amaranth |
Navajo Food, Sweetener Seeds ground into meal and chewed by the handful to obtain sugar. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 23 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Sweetener Dried berries used to sweeten 'Indian ice cream.' Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Thompson Food, Sweetener Dried berry cakes used as a sweetener for other foods. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253 |
| Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene Small Camas USDA CAQUQ |
Montana Indian Food, Sweetener Bulbs formerly used as a sweetening agent. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 14 |
| Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch Shagbark Hickory USDA CAOV2 |
Dakota Food, Sweetener Hickory chips boiled to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74 |
| Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch Shagbark Hickory USDA CAOV2 |
Dakota Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74 |
| Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch Shagbark Hickory USDA CAOV2 |
Omaha Food, Sweetener Hickory chips boiled to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74 |
| Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch Shagbark Hickory USDA CAOV2 |
Omaha Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74 |
| Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch Shagbark Hickory USDA CAOV2 |
Pawnee Food, Sweetener Hickory chips boiled to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74 |