| Asclepias sp. Milkweed |
Wintoon Fiber, Cordage Used to make string and ropes. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264 |
| Asclepias speciosa Torr. Showy Milkweed USDA ASSP |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Cordage Stems used as a poor substitute for Indian hemp. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Asclepias speciosa Torr. Showy Milkweed USDA ASSP |
Pomo, Kashaya Fiber, Cordage Stem fibers used to make two ply string. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 70 |
| Asclepias speciosa Torr. Showy Milkweed USDA ASSP |
Thompson Fiber, Cordage Inner bark used as a substitute for Indian hemp in making thread used for tying and binding. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 165 |
| Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail Whorled Milkweed USDA ASSU2 |
Navajo, Ramah Fiber, Cordage Spun seed hair made into string used in prayer sticks. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39 |
| Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail Whorled Milkweed USDA ASSU2 |
Zuni Fiber, Cordage Coma made into cords and used for fastening plumes to the prayer sticks. The sticks were used as offerings and were planted in the fields and in sacred springs. An excavation was made in the bed of the spring in which the offerings were deposited with a stone attached and covered with soil from the bottom. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 88 |
| Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milkweed USDA ASSY |
Menominee Fiber, Cordage Outer bark used for making cords. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74 |
| Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milkweed USDA ASSY |
Meskwaki Fiber, Cordage Outer rind or bark used for thread. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 267 |
| Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal Common Pawpaw USDA ASTR |
Cherokee Fiber, Cordage Inner bark used to make strong ropes and string. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 47 |
| Carex barbarae Dewey Santa Barbara Sedge USDA CABA4 |
Pomo, Kashaya Fiber, Cordage White, woody center of the root used as a sewing element in coiled baskets and in twining. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 103 |
| Carex sp. Sedge |
Mendocino Indian Fiber, Cordage Rootstocks formerly used to make rope. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 314 |
| Carex sp. Sedge |
Pomo Fiber, Cordage Roots used as a sewing element in coiled baskets. Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11 |
| Carex sp. Sedge |
Salish, Coast Fiber, Cordage Fibrous leaves used to make twine. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 73 |
| Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins California Redbud USDA CECAT |
Mendocino Indian Fiber, Cordage Bark and wood of young sprouts used like thread or woof to twine in and out of twined baskets. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 356 |
| Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach Alaska Cedar USDA CHNO |
Kitasoo Fiber, Cordage Inner bark used to make cordage. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 313 |
| Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach Alaska Cedar USDA CHNO |
Nitinaht Fiber, Cordage Bark fibers, nettle fibers and dog hair used to make a stronger rope. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 227 |
| Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach Alaska Cedar USDA CHNO |
Oweekeno Fiber, Cordage Bark used to make cordage. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 61 |
| Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz Fireweed USDA CHANC |
Haisla Fiber, Cordage Stem fibers possibly used to make cordage. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 106 |
| Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz Fireweed USDA CHANC |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Fiber, Cordage Plant used to make twine, cordage and binding. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 257 |
| Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz Fireweed USDA CHANC |
Hanaksiala Fiber, Cordage Stem fibers possibly used to make cordage. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 106 |
| Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz Fireweed USDA CHANC |
Heiltzuk Fiber, Cordage Stem fibers possibly used to make cordage. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 106 |
| Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum (Mosquin) Kartesz Fireweed USDA CHANC |
Oweekeno Fiber, Cordage Stem fibers possibly used to make cordage. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 106 |
| Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet Desert Willow USDA CHLIL2 |
Cahuilla Fiber, Cordage Bark used to make nets. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 53 |
| Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. Western White Clematis USDA CLLIL2 |
Great Basin Indian Fiber, Cordage Stems used to make string. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47 |
| Convolvulus arvensis L. Field Bindweed USDA COAR4 |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Cordage Stems used as a 'pack rope' for carrying birds and marmots home after hunting. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Cordage Bark twisted into rope and used to lash fish traps, raised caches and other structures. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96 |
| Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp California Hazelnut USDA COCOC |
Chehalis Fiber, Cordage Long twigs twisted and used to tie things. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |
| Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp California Hazelnut USDA COCOC |
Skokomish Fiber, Cordage Long twigs twisted and used as rope. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |
| Corylus cornuta var. cornuta Beaked Hazelnut USDA COCOC2 |
Karok Fiber, Cordage Withes twisted to make rope. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382 |
| Cyperus laevigatus L. Smooth Flatsedge USDA CYLA2 |
Hawaiian Fiber, Cordage Stem fibers woven into strings and ropes. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 9 |
| Dirca palustris L. Eastern Leatherwood USDA DIPA9 |
Iroquois Fiber, Cordage Bark twisted into cordage. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 50 |
| Dirca palustris L. Eastern Leatherwood USDA DIPA9 |
Menominee Fiber, Cordage Bark or twigs used for cordage. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76 |
| Dirca palustris L. Eastern Leatherwood USDA DIPA9 |
Potawatomi Fiber, Cordage Tough, stringy bark made a good substitute for twine. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 114 |
| Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb. Silverberry USDA ELCO |
Blackfoot Fiber, Cordage Bark used to make strong rope. McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277 |
| Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb. Silverberry USDA ELCO |
Cree Fiber, Cordage Bark used to make cordage. Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485 |
| Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb. Silverberry USDA ELCO |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Cordage Inner bark twisted to make ropes. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 99 |
| Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb. Silverberry USDA ELCO |
Thompson Fiber, Cordage Bark made into two-ply twine and used for twining mats, bags, capes, skirts and other clothing. The bark was peeled off in as long strips as possible in the spring or fall when it was 'kind of dry' and split with a knife (originally of stone). The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark scraped, cleaned and cut into desired widths. At this stage, it could be dried for future use. The long, even strands of fresh or dried inner bark, after it had been soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong, two-ply twine used for many different purposes. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 207 |
| Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville California Flannelbush USDA FRCA6 |
Kawaiisu Fiber, Building Material Bark made into cordage and tied in a loop to upper ends of poles to make a winterhouse smoke hole. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32 |
| Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville California Flannelbush USDA FRCA6 |
Kawaiisu Fiber, Cordage Bark make into a twine and used to sting pinyon seeds for winter storage. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32 |
| Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville California Flannelbush USDA FRCA6 |
Kawaiisu Other, Containers Bark made into cordage and used to make heavy load carrying nets. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32 |
| Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville California Flannelbush USDA FRCA6 |
Kawaiisu Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Bark made into cordage and used to make rabbit nets. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32 |
| Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville California Flannelbush USDA FRCA6 |
Yokut Fiber, Cordage Bark made into ropes and used to bound acorn caches. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 420 |
| Fremontodendron sp. |
Shoshoni Fiber, Cordage Tough bark used to make cord. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 440 |
| Geranium atropurpureum Heller Western Purple Cranesbill USDA GEATA |
Jemez Fiber, Cordage Split epidermis used to sew moccasins. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22 |
| Gossypium hirsutum L. Upland Cotton USDA GOHIH2 |
Zuni Fiber, Cordage Fuzz made into cords and used ceremonially. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 92 |
| Gossypium sp. Cotton |
Navajo Fiber, Cordage Used to make string for many different ceremonies. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 62 |
| Hoita macrostachya (DC.) Rydb. Large Leatherroot USDA HOMA4 |
California Indian Fiber, Cordage Root fiber used to make rope. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 59 |
| Hoita macrostachya (DC.) Rydb. Large Leatherroot USDA HOMA4 |
Mendocino Indian Fiber, Cordage Root fibers used to make rope. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 358 |
| Iris innominata Henderson Del Norte County Iris USDA IRIN |
Tolowa Fiber, Cordage Roots and leaves used to make cordage. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 33 |
| Iris macrosiphon Torr. Bowltube Iris USDA IRMA |
Karok Fiber, Cordage Leaves dried, scraped and used to make string or cord. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381 |