| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Montana Indian Food, Unspecified Inner bark used for food. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 18 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Montana Indian Food, Unspecified Nuts were an important article of food. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 18 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 27 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Winter Use Food Seeds gathered and stored for winter use. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 27 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Spokan Food, Unspecified Nutlets used for food. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 344 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Thompson Food, Dried Food Dried nuts kept alone in sacks or mixed with dried service berries and stored for future use. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 101 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Thompson Food, Porridge Parched seeds pounded in a mortar to make a flour and mixed with water to form a mush. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 101 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Seeds eaten roasted or raw, but often considered bitter. If too many raw seeds were eaten, it would cause constipation. Roasted seeds were therefore preferred to raw seeds. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 101 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Seeds oven cooked or fire roasted. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 492 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Thompson Food, Winter Use Food Cooked, crushed seeds mixed with dried berries and preserved for winter use. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 101 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Thompson Food, Winter Use Food Seeds cooked, crushed, mixed with dried service berries and preserved for winter use. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 492 |
| Pinus aristata Engelm. Bristlecone Pine USDA PIAR |
Shoshoni Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of heated pitch applied to sores and boils. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 117 |
| Pinus attenuata Lemmon Knobcone Pine USDA PIAT |
Karok Other, Decorations Nuts used as beads and ornaments for dresses. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379 |
| Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine USDA PIBA2 |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Fiber, Caulking Material Gum used to caulk canoes. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 130 |
| Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine USDA PIBA2 |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of inner bark applied to deep cuts. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 50 |
| Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine USDA PIBA2 |
Cree, Woodlands Food, Unspecified Inner bark used for food. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 50 |
| Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine USDA PIBA2 |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Hide Preparation Dry, open cones mixed with rotten white spruce wood used to smoke tan hides. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 50 |
| Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine USDA PIBA2 |
Menominee Drug, Unspecified Every part of tree used as a medicine. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 45 |
| Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine USDA PIBA2 |
Menominee Fiber, Sewing Material Small, boiled roots used as cords to sew birch bark canoe and stitching sealed with pitch or resin. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 75 |
| Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine USDA PIBA2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Anticonvulsive Plant used for fits. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 244 |
| Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine USDA PIBA2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Stimulant Leaves used as a reviver. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 379 |
| Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine USDA PIBA2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Stimulant Plant used for fainting. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 244 |
| Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine USDA PIBA2 |
Ojibwa Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Boughs used on the ground or floor, covered with blankets and other bedding and used as a bed. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 244 |
| Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine USDA PIBA2 |
Ojibwa Fiber, Sewing Material Roots used as fine sewing material for canoes and other coarse and durable sewing. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 421 |
| Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine USDA PIBA2 |
Potawatomi Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch from boiled cones used as an ointment for unspecified ailment. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 70 |
| Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine USDA PIBA2 |
Potawatomi Drug, Pulmonary Aid Leaves used as a fumigant to clear congested lungs. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 70 |
| Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine USDA PIBA2 |
Potawatomi Drug, Stimulant Leaves used as a fumigant to revive a comatose patient. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 70 |
| Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine USDA PIBA2 |
Potawatomi Fiber, Sewing Material Roots used as a heavy sewing material. The roots extend near the surface of the ground through the sandy soil for thirty to thirty-five feet and were easy to pull out of the ground in their entire length. When they were gathered they were made into coils and sunk beneath the surface of the lake until the outer bark had loosened from the root. Then, they were peeled and split in half, each half being a serviceable cord for sewing together canoes and bark strips intended for the roofs of wigwams and for other purposes. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 113 |
| Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine USDA PIBA2 |
Potawatomi Other, Lighting Pine pitch and cedar used to make torches and attached to the canoe bow for night hunting. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 122 |
| Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine USDA PIBA2 |
Potawatomi Other, Waterproofing Agent Pitch from the cones used to waterproof sewn seams. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 113 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Bella Coola Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Compound containing gum used as poultice on arms for rheumatism. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 49, 50 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Bella Coola Drug, Dermatological Aid Gum applied to cuts and chewed gum applied to broken skin. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 49, 50 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Bella Coola Drug, Heart Medicine Compound containing gum used as poultice on chest for heart trouble. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 49, 50 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Bella Coola Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of gum taken for consumption. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 49, 50 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Blackfoot Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of pitch taken for tubercular coughs. Here is a fine example of the origin and use of a 'personal medicine' which was later expanded to include general therapeutic practice. There was once a woman named Last Calf who was riddled with tuberculosis. While she and her husband were camped near a beaver lodge, she noticed the animal's tracks in the mud and left some food for it. The beaver took the gift and returned the favor by appearing to her in a vision. He gave her a cure for tuberculosis. She was to collect the pitch of the lodgepole pine, boil it in water and drink the infusion while uttering a special song. (The song had no words.) Last Calf's husband was alarmed at this treatment and cautioned her against poisoning but she went ahead and drank the brew. She said she felt as though she were going to die and began vomiting profusely. She drank again with the same result, but the next morning her chest was cleared as never before. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 73 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Blackfoot Fiber, Building Material Wood used to make travois and tipi poles. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Blackfoot Fiber, Furniture Wood used to make back rest poles and bed supports. The back rest poles were cut about five forearms in length and dried over a fire of rotten logs. One end of the pole was perforated and the other end sharpened. Then a stick was inserted through the hole and the pole etched. Later it was painted red and blue with buffalo shoulder blade applicators. Back rest poles were often notched to record the number of camp moves. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Blackfoot Food, Candy Pitch chewed like gum. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 104 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Blackfoot Other, Cooking Tools Wood burls scraped with a rough stone, grease applied to prevent cracking and made into a bowl. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Blackfoot Other, Fasteners Resin boiled with buffalo phallus and used as a glue for headdresses and bows. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Blackfoot Other, Fasteners Sticks notched to act as fasteners on designated food storage bags. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Blackfoot Other, Musical Instrument Used to make wind chimes and presented to newly married couples. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Blackfoot Other, Toys & Games Wood used to make story sticks. Story sticks were prepared by older men and presented to children in return for favors. The sticks were notched to count the number of stories that the man would tell the child. They were often varnished with a solution of boiled hoof and steer phallus and sometimes red ochre was added. Then the stick was polished with a piece of rawhide. Story sticks were sometimes used to hang tipi doors. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Blackfoot Other, Waterproofing Agent Resin boiled with buffalo phallus and applied to moccasins for waterproofing. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Carrier, Northern Drug, Dermatological Aid Compound decoction of needle tips taken for paralysis and body sores. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 49, 50 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Carrier, Northern Drug, Eye Medicine Gum painted on eye 'to remove white scum' and for snowblindness. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 49, 50 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Carrier, Northern Drug, Orthopedic Aid Compound decoction of needle tips taken for paralysis, weakness or sores. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 49, 50 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Carrier, Northern Drug, Stimulant Compound decoction of needle tips taken for constitutional weakness. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 49, 50 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Carrier, Southern Drug, Analgesic Decoction of new shoots taken for stomach pain. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 49, 50 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Carrier, Southern Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of new shoots taken for stomach pain. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 49, 50 |