| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Roots woven into dip nets. Spruce roots were dug by hand or with an axe, preferably from a tree that was not crowded by other trees. The roots of a tree growing in an open place were less likely to be entangled with the roots of other trees and were therefore easier to dig. Spruce roots in moist ground where moss grows were also easier to gather than those found in dry soil. Before using spruce roots, the Upper Tanana peeled the bark off by hand or with a knife. After peeling them, they sometimes dyed them by boiling berries and soaking the roots in the juice. Spruce roots could be dried for future use but must be soaked in water to make them pliable before being used. They could be dug anytime during the year when the ground was not frozen. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Other, Hunting & Fishing Item White, inner side of bark used in the bottom of a weir to act as a reflector. Reflector used in order to more easily spot fish as they swam through the weir. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to build weirs, fish traps, fish racks, fish rafts and boat poles. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Other, Insecticide Needles burned to keep mosquitoes away. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Other, Tools Wood used to make boats, boat paddles, shovels, skin stretchers and wedges for chopping wood. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tlingit Drug, Antidiarrheal Sap mixed with mountain goat tallow and used for diarrhea. Krause, Aurel, 1956, The Tlingit Indians. Translated by Erna Gunther, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 283 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Wet'suwet'en Drug, Cold Remedy Decoction of bark or inner bark used for colds. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Wet'suwet'en Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of bark or inner bark used for coughs. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Wet'suwet'en Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of bark or inner bark used for flu. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Wet'suwet'en Drug, Tonic Decoction of bark or inner bark used as a tonic. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Wet'suwet'en Food, Unspecified Cambium eaten fresh. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 151 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Dermatological Aid Gum used as a salve. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 127 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Internal Medicine Infusion of branch tips used for 'healing the insides.' Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 127 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Unspecified Used in the medicinal sudatory. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 127 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Fiber, Basketry Roots used to sew baskets. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 129 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Fiber, Canoe Material Roots used to sew canoes. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 129 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Fiber, Snow Gear Roots used to sew snowshoes. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 129 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Anticosti Food, Beverage Branches used to make beer. Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 63 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Carrier Fiber, Snow Gear Young wood used to make snowshoes. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 69 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Carrier Food, Candy Pitch used to chew. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 69 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Carrier Other, Cooking Tools Wood made into drying poles and used for smoking and drying meat. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 69 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Antidiarrheal Decoction of cones taken for diarrhea. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Burn Dressing Pitch mixed with grease and used as ointment for bad burns. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch mixed with grease and used as ointment for skin rashes, scabies and persistent scabs. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Oral Aid Cone chewed for a sore mouth. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Throat Aid Decoction of cones used as a gargle for sore throats. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Toothache Remedy Cone chewed for toothaches. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Venereal Aid Decoction of cones and other herbs taken for venereal disease. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Building Material Peeled, wood poles preferred for tipi framing because of their straightness and lack of taper. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Building Material Small trees & boughs used in the construction of shelters made of brush & shelters for storing moss. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Canoe Material Wood used to make canoe paddles. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Caulking Material Pitch used to seal seams on a birch bark canoe. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Cordage Roots used to tie and secure the arched roof trees of the shelter for storing moss. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Cordage Roots used to tie and secure the ends of a birch bark dish. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Cordage Roots used to tie and secure the stick and bundle game made from black spruce boughs. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Boughs used on the ground as flooring in tipis and in front of the tent door as a door mat. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Sewing Material Roots used to sew sheets of birch bark together for a tipi cover. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Sewing Material Roots used to stitch birch bark basket and canoe seams. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Food, Candy Gum chewed for pleasure. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Designs Roots used to make designs on baskets. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Hide Preparation Dry cones mixed with rotten white spruce wood and used to smoke tan hides a golden brown color. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Toys & Games Roots used to tie and secure the stick and bundle game made from black spruce boughs. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of gum and grease applied to pustulant wounds. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Drug, Respiratory Aid Decoction of gum or needles taken for respiratory infections. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Fiber, Building Material Wood used to make cabins and caches. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Fiber, Canoe Material Split wood used to make fish traps and canoe or kayak stringers. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Fiber, Cordage Split, inner root bark or small rootlets used as fishing lines & cord for making & repairing tools. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Needles used as flooring in tents. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Food, Unspecified Cambium eaten in the spring. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Ceremonial Items Roots used to make headgear and masks. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |