| Heuchera parvifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray Littleleaf Alumroot USDA HEPAP6 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Root used as a 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 29, 30 |
| Houstonia wrightii Gray Pygmy Bluet USDA HOWR |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Root used as a 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 45 |
| Hymenopappus filifolius var. cinereus (Rydb.) I.M. Johnston Fineleaf Hymenopappus USDA HYFIC |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Cold infusion of root used as 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 52 |
| Inula helenium L. Elecampane Inula USDA INHE |
Iroquois Drug, Panacea Plant used as medicine for anything. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 466 |
| Ipomopsis longiflora ssp. longiflora Flaxflowered Gilia USDA IPLOL |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Plant used as 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 40 |
| Iris versicolor L. Harlequin Blueflag USDA IRVE2 |
Micmac Drug, Panacea Root used as a 'basic medical cure' and for cholera. Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 57 |
| Iris versicolor L. Harlequin Blueflag USDA IRVE2 |
Rappahannock Drug, Panacea Infusion of dried roots taken for 'every complaint.' Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 28 |
| Juniperus communis L. Common Juniper USDA JUCOD |
Shuswap Drug, Panacea Decoction of stems and needles taken for any sickness. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50 |
| Juniperus communis L. Common Juniper USDA JUCOD |
Tanana, Upper Drug, Panacea Branches burned on top of the wood stove to keep sickness away. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 4 |
| Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. Rocky Mountain Juniper USDA JUSC2 |
Shuswap Drug, Panacea Decoction of stems and needles taken for any sickness. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 50 |
| Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. Rocky Mountain Juniper USDA JUSC2 |
Swinomish Drug, Panacea Infusion of leaves used as a wash for all ailments. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 21 |
| Juniperus sp. Juniper Wood |
Hualapai Drug, Panacea Decoction of leaves taken for various disorders. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 32 |
| Kalmia angustifolia L. Sheep Laurel USDA KAAN |
Micmac Drug, Panacea Infusion of leaves considered valuable as a 'non-specific remedy.' Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 316 |
| Kalmia angustifolia L. Sheep Laurel USDA KAAN |
Penobscot Drug, Panacea Compound poultice of plant applied 'for all kinds of trouble.' Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 311 |
| Kalmia latifolia L. Mountain Laurel USDA KALA |
Cherokee Drug, Panacea Leaf salve used 'for healing.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 42 |
| Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A.D.J. Meeuse & Smit Winterfat USDA KRLA2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Cold infusion of plant used as 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 25 |
| Larix occidentalis Nutt. Western Larch USDA LAOC |
Thompson Drug, Panacea Branches used as a medicine for any type of illness. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 99 |
| Larrea tridentata (Sess‚ & Moc. ex DC.) Coville Creosotebush USDA LATRT |
Pima Drug, Panacea Plant used to cure everything. Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 61 |
| Larrea tridentata var. tridentata Creosotebush USDA LATRT |
Paiute Drug, Panacea Plant used for many different illnesses and considered a 'cure-all.' Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 96, 97 |
| Lathyrus vestitus Nutt. Pacific Peavine USDA LAVEV |
Costanoan Drug, Panacea Decoction of roots used as a general remedy. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 19 |
| Ledum palustre L. Marsh Labradortea USDA LEPAD |
Tanana, Upper Drug, Panacea Decoction of stems & leaves, blackberry leaves & spruce inner bark taken for sickness in general. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 16 |
| Ligusticum filicinum S. Wats. Fernleaf Licoriceroot USDA LIFI |
Menominee Drug, Panacea Root used for many ailments. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 55 |
| Ligusticum grayi Coult. & Rose Gray's Licoriceroot USDA LIGR |
Atsugewi Drug, Panacea Infusion of root taken or roots chewed for ailments. Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 140 |
| Linanthus nuttallii ssp. nuttallii Nuttall's Deserttrumpets USDA LINUN |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Plant used as 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 40 |
| Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume Northern Spicebush USDA LIBEB |
Iroquois Drug, Panacea Compound decoction of roots taken as a panacea. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 335 |
| Linum puberulum (Engelm.) Heller Plains Flax USDA LIPU4 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Plant used as 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 35 |
| Lithospermum incisum Lehm. Narrowleaf Gromwell USDA LIIN2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Root used as a 'life medicine' and considered a 'big medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 41 |
| Lithospermum multiflorum Torr. ex Gray Manyflowered Gromwell USDA LIMU3 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Root used as a 'life medicine' and considered a 'big medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 41 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Iroquois Drug, Panacea Plant used for every ailment. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 453 |
| Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance Fernleaf Buscuitroot USDA LODID2 |
Paiute, Northern Drug, Panacea Plant used for all the common ailments and injuries. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 129 |
| Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance Carrotleaf Biscuitroot USDA LODIM |
Paiute Drug, Panacea Root used for a wide variety of ailments, usually as a decoction. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 97-100 |
| Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance Carrotleaf Biscuitroot USDA LODIM |
Shoshoni Drug, Panacea Root used for a wide variety of ailments, usually as a decoction. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 97-100 |
| Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance Carrotleaf Biscuitroot USDA LODIM |
Washo Drug, Panacea Root used for a wide variety of ailments, usually as a decoction. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 97-100 |
| Lomatium nudicaule (Pursh) Coult. & Rose Barestem Biscuitroot USDA LONU2 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Panacea Compound with seeds used in a steambath for general sickness. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 276 |
| Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose Nineleaf Biscuitroot USDA LOTRT |
Blackfoot Drug, Panacea Chewed roots blown onto affected part by the diviner. The healing qualities of the spray were believed to penetrate the body at that place. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 83 |
| Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) Coult. Peyote USDA LOWI |
Delaware Drug, Panacea Carried in small beaded bags and worn around the neck to protect against illness. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 39 |
| Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) Coult. Peyote USDA LOWI |
Kiowa Drug, Panacea Decoction of plants taken as a panacea. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 43 |
| Lotus wrightii (Gray) Greene Wright's Deervetch USDA LOWR |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Plant used as 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 32 |
| Lupinus kingii S. Wats. King's Lupine USDA LUKIK |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Leaves used as 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 32 |
| Lycium pallidum Miers Pale Wolfberry USDA LYPAP |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Bark and dried berries used as 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42 |
| Lycium torreyi Gray Squawthorn USDA LYTO |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Bark and dried berries used as 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42 |
| Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John American Skunkcabbage USDA LYAM3 |
Quinault Drug, Panacea Poultice of leaves applied for many ailments. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 22 |
| Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John American Skunkcabbage USDA LYAM3 |
Shuswap Drug, Panacea Cold infusion of roots taken for any sickness. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 53 |
| Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. Hollyleaved Barberry USDA MAAQ2 |
Karok Drug, Panacea Decoction of roots taken as a good medicine for all kinds of sickness. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383 |
| Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don Oregongrape USDA MARE11 |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Panacea Infusion of plant taken and poultice of plant applied as a cure all. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 23 |
| Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid. Oregon Crabapple USDA MAFU |
Cowichan Drug, Panacea Infusion of bark and wild cherry bark taken as a cure all tonic. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87 |
| Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid. Oregon Crabapple USDA MAFU |
Makah Drug, Panacea Bark used for any illness and considered a complete medicine, all in itself. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 268 |
| Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid. Oregon Crabapple USDA MAFU |
Nitinaht Drug, Panacea Infusion of bark taken for 'any kind of sickness.' Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 121 |
| Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid. Oregon Crabapple USDA MAFU |
Saanich Drug, Panacea Infusion of bark and wild cherry bark taken as a cure all tonic. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 87 |
| Matricaria discoidea DC. Disc Mayweed USDA MADI6 |
Aleut Drug, Panacea Plant used as a cure all. Bank, II, Theodore P., 1953, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies in the Aleutian Islands II. Health and Medical Lore of the Aleuts, Botanical and Ethnobotanical Studies Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, page 426 |