BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database

Populus tremuloides Michx.

Common names: Quaking Aspen
Species details (USDA): USDA POTR5

Documented uses

117 uses documented
Abnaki Drug, Anthelmintic detail... (Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, pages 165)
Abnaki Drug, Anthelmintic detail... (Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, pages 155)
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Drug, Antirheumatic (External) detail... (Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, pages 130)
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Bread & Cake detail... (Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, pages 43)
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Unspecified detail... (Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, pages 43)
Apache, Mescalero Food, Spice detail... (Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., pages 50)
Bella Coola Drug, Venereal Aid detail... (Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, pages 54)
Blackfoot Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid detail... (Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, pages 83)
Blackfoot Drug, Gynecological Aid detail... (Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, pages 61)
Blackfoot Drug, Panacea detail... (Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, pages 83)
Blackfoot Food, Fodder detail... (Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, pages 28)
Blackfoot Food, Fodder detail... (Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, pages 89)
Blackfoot Food, Snack Food detail... (Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, pages 104)
Blackfoot Food, Special Food detail... (Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, pages 104)
Blackfoot Food, Unspecified detail... (Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, pages 104)
Blackfoot Food, Unspecified detail... (Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, pages 28)
Blackfoot Other, Toys & Games detail... (Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, pages 119)
Carrier, Southern Drug, Analgesic detail... (Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, pages 54)
Carrier, Southern Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid detail... (Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, pages 54)
Cheyenne Fiber, Building Material detail... (Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, pages 37)
Cheyenne Fiber, Building Material detail... (Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, pages 37)
Cheyenne Fiber, Building Material detail... (Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, pages 46)
Chippewa Drug, Dermatological Aid detail... (Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, pages 350)
Chippewa Drug, Gynecological Aid detail... (Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, pages 358)
Chippewa Drug, Heart Medicine detail... (Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, pages 338)
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Dermatological Aid detail... (Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, pages 52)
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Dermatological Aid detail... (Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, pages 52)
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Hemostat detail... (Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, pages 52)
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Venereal Aid detail... (Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, pages 52)
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Venereal Aid detail... (Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, pages 52)
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Building Material detail... (Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, pages 52)
Cree, Woodlands Fiber, Building Material detail... (Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, pages 52)
Cree, Woodlands Food, Preservative detail... (Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, pages 52)
Cree, Woodlands Food, Unspecified detail... (Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, pages 52)
Cree, Woodlands Food, Unspecified detail... (Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, pages 52)
Cree, Woodlands Other, Hunting & Fishing Item detail... (Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, pages 52)
Cree, Woodlands Other, Toys & Games detail... (Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, pages 52)
Crow Fiber, Building Material detail... (Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, pages 37)
Delaware, Ontario Drug, Cold Remedy detail... (Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, pages 82)
Flathead Drug, Other detail... (Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, pages 37)
Gitksan Drug, Cathartic detail... (Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, pages 152)
Gitksan Drug, Cathartic detail... (Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, pages 54)
Gitksan Drug, Dermatological Aid detail... (Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, pages 54)
Haisla Drug, Laxative detail... (Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, pages 286)
Haisla and Hanaksiala Drug, Oral Aid detail... (Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, pages 286)
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items detail... (Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, pages 71)
Iroquois Drug, Anthelmintic detail... (Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, pages 292)
Iroquois Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid detail... (Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, pages 292)
Iroquois Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy detail... (Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, pages 292)
Iroquois Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy detail... (Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, pages 292)
Iroquois Drug, Pediatric Aid detail... (Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, pages 292)
Iroquois Drug, Pediatric Aid detail... (Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, pages 293)
Iroquois Drug, Urinary Aid detail... (Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, pages 293)
Iroquois Drug, Venereal Aid detail... (Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, pages 292)
Iroquois Drug, Veterinary Aid detail... (Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, pages 293)
Iroquois Drug, Veterinary Aid detail... (Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, pages 292)
Isleta Drug, Orthopedic Aid detail... (Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, pages 38)
Klamath Fiber, Clothing detail... (Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, pages 94)
Meskwaki Drug, Cold Remedy detail... (Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, pages 245)
Meskwaki Drug, Cough Medicine detail... (Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, pages 245)
Meskwaki Drug, Pediatric Aid detail... (Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, pages 245)
Micmac Drug, Cold Remedy detail... (Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, pages 59)
Micmac Drug, Dietary Aid detail... (Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, pages 59)
Montagnais Drug, Anthelmintic detail... (Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, pages 315)
Montana Indian Fiber, Building Material detail... (Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, pages 19)
Montana Indian Fiber, Cordage detail... (Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, pages 19)
Montana Indian Food, Fodder detail... (Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, pages 19)
Montana Indian Food, Unspecified detail... (Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, pages 19)
Montana Indian Other, Fuel detail... (Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, pages 37)
Montana Indian Other, Fuel detail... (Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, pages 19)
Montana Indian Other, Smoke Plant detail... (Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, pages 19)
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items detail... (Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, pages 38)
Navajo, Ramah Food, Starvation Food detail... (Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, pages 22)
Navajo, Ramah Other, Ceremonial Items detail... (Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, pages 22)
Navajo, Ramah Other, Cooking Tools detail... (Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, pages 22)
Ojibwa Drug, Dermatological Aid detail... (Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, pages 388)
Ojibwa Drug, Orthopedic Aid detail... (Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, pages 388)
Ojibwa Other, Paper detail... (Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, pages 243)
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Dermatological Aid detail... (Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, pages 134)
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Eye Medicine detail... (Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, pages 134)
Okanagan-Colville Other, Tools detail... (Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, pages 134)
Okanagon Drug, Antirheumatic (External) detail... (Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., pages 41)
Okanagon Drug, Antirheumatic (Internal) detail... (Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., pages 41)
Okanagon Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid detail... (Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., pages 41)
Paiute Drug, Cough Medicine detail... (Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, pages 61)
Paiute Drug, Febrifuge detail... (Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, pages 61)
Paiute Fiber, Building Material detail... (Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, pages 61)
Paiute Other, Fuel detail... (Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, pages 61)
Penobscot Drug, Cold Remedy detail... (Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, pages 310)
Penobscot Drug, Diaphoretic detail... (Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, pages 310)
Potawatomi Drug, Veterinary Aid detail... (Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, pages 81)
Salish Drug, Venereal Aid detail... (Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, pages 294)
Shoshoni Drug, Venereal Aid detail... (Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, pages 120121)
Shuswap Other, Toys & Games detail... (Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, pages 68)
Sikani Drug, Anthelmintic detail... (Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, pages 54)
Sikani Drug, Dermatological Aid detail... (Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, pages 54)
Tanana, Upper Drug, Cold Remedy detail... (Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, pages 5)
Tanana, Upper Drug, Cough Medicine detail... (Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, pages 5)
Tanana, Upper Food, Preservative detail... (Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, pages 5)
Tanana, Upper Food, Unspecified detail... (Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, pages 5)
Tanana, Upper Other, Fuel detail... (Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, pages 5)
Tanana, Upper Other, Smoke Plant detail... (Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, pages 5)
Tewa Drug, Urinary Aid detail... (Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, pages 42)
Thompson Drug, Antirheumatic (External) detail... (Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., pages 41)
Thompson Drug, Antirheumatic (Internal) detail... (Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., pages 41)
Thompson Drug, Dermatological Aid detail... (Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, pages 277)
Thompson Drug, Dermatological Aid detail... (Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, pages 464)
Thompson Drug, Dermatological Aid detail... (Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, pages 277)
Thompson Drug, Disinfectant detail... (Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, pages 504)
Thompson Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid detail... (Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., pages 41)
Thompson Drug, Pediatric Aid detail... (Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, pages 504)
Thompson Drug, Psychological Aid detail... (Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, pages 277)
Thompson Drug, Venereal Aid detail... (Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, pages 464)
Thompson Food, Forage detail... (Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, pages 277)
Thompson Other, Hunting & Fishing Item detail... (Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, pages 277)
Thompson Other, Protection detail... (Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, pages 277)
Thompson, Upper (Fraser Band) Fiber, Canoe Material detail... (Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, pages 497)