| Acer negundo L. Boxelder USDA ACNEN |
Winnebago Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 101 |
| Acer saccharinum L. Silver Maple USDA ACSA2 |
Winnebago Dye, Black Twigs and bark made into a black dye and used to color tanned hides. The twigs and bark of new growth were boiled with water. A clay which contained iron was mixed with grease and then roasted; then it was mixed with the boiled twig and bark water. Tanned hides were soaked in this solution for two or three days to get the right color; treatment for a shorter period of time resulted in a brownish color and for a longer time resulted in black. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 100 |
| Acer saccharinum L. Silver Maple USDA ACSA2 |
Winnebago Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 100 |
| Achillea millefolium L. Common Yarrow USDA ACMIM2 |
Winnebago Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of herb used as a wash for swellings. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134 |
| Achillea millefolium L. Common Yarrow USDA ACMIM2 |
Winnebago Drug, Ear Medicine Wad of leaves or infusion put into ear for earache. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Winnebago Drug, Carminative Plant used as a carminative and decoction taken for fever. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Winnebago Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Blades of grass used as garlands in mystery ceremonies. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Winnebago Drug, Cold Remedy Rootstock chewed, decoction taken or smoke treatment used for colds. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Winnebago Drug, Cough Medicine Rootstock chewed as a cough remedy. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Winnebago Drug, Febrifuge Decoction of plant taken for fever. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Winnebago Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of pounded rootstock taken for colic. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Winnebago Drug, Panacea Rootstock regarded as a panacea. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Winnebago Drug, Tonic Complex compound injected via bird wing bone for general health. Radin, Paul, 1923, The Winnebago Tribe, SI-BAE Annual Report #37, page 265 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Winnebago Drug, Toothache Remedy Rootstock chewed for toothache. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70 |
| Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze Blue Giant Hyssop USDA AGFO |
Winnebago Food, Beverage Leaves used to make a hot, tea like beverage taken with meals. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113 |
| Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze Blue Giant Hyssop USDA AGFO |
Winnebago Food, Sweetener Plant used as a sweetening flavor in cooking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113 |
| Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey Meadow Garlic USDA ALCAM |
Winnebago Food, Sauce & Relish Fresh, raw bulbs used as a relish. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71 |
| Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey Meadow Garlic USDA ALCAM |
Winnebago Food, Spice Bulbs used as a flavor for meat and soup. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71 |
| Allium canadense var. mobilense (Regel) Ownbey Meadow Garlic USDA ALCAM |
Winnebago Food, Unspecified Fried bulbs used for food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 71 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Winnebago Food, Fruit Prized berries used for food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Winnebago Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used for arrow shafts. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Winnebago Other, Toys & Games Plant used to make popgun pistons. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116 |
| Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. American Hogpeanut USDA AMBRB |
Winnebago Food, Unspecified Beans used for the agreeable taste and nutritive value. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 95 |
| Apios americana Medik. Groundnut USDA APAM |
Winnebago Food, Unspecified Roasted or boiled tubers used for food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 94 |
| Artemisia dracunculus L. Wormwood USDA ARDR4 |
Winnebago Drug, Febrifuge Infusion of plant top sprinkled on the body for fevers. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134 |
| Artemisia dracunculus L. Wormwood USDA ARDR4 |
Winnebago Drug, Love Medicine Chewed root put on clothes as a love charm. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134 |
| Artemisia dracunculus L. Wormwood USDA ARDR4 |
Winnebago Drug, Unspecified Plant used in the smoke treatment of unspecified illnesses. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134 |
| Artemisia dracunculus L. Wormwood USDA ARDR4 |
Winnebago Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Plant bunches used as towels in old times. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134 |
| Artemisia frigida Willd. Fringed Sagewort USDA ARFR4 |
Winnebago Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Plant bunches used as towels in old times. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134 |
| Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana Foothill Sagewort USDA ARLUL2 |
Winnebago Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Plant bunches used as towels in old times. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134 |
| Artemisia sp. Sage |
Winnebago Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant used to begin any ceremonial in order to drive away evil influences. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134135 |
| Artemisia sp. Sage |
Winnebago Drug, Disinfectant Decoction of plant used as a wash for purification. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134135 |
| Artemisia sp. Sage |
Winnebago Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of plant taken for stomach troubles and many other ailments. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 135 |
| Artemisia sp. Sage |
Winnebago Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Plant used as incense to exorcise evil powers. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134135 |
| Artemisia sp. Sage |
Winnebago Other, Toys & Games Plant tops chewed and used for popgun wads. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116 |
| Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milkweed USDA ASSY |
Winnebago Food, Vegetable Boiled young sprouts, floral bud clusters and young, firm green fruits used for food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109 |
| Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milkweed USDA ASSY |
Winnebago Other, Toys & Games Mature stalk fiber chewed and used for popgun wadding by little boys. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Winnebago Other, Toys & Games Papery bark chewed to a pulp and used for popgun wads. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 116 |
| Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch Shagbark Hickory USDA CAOV2 |
Winnebago Food, Soup Nuts used to make soup. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74 |
| Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch Shagbark Hickory USDA CAOV2 |
Winnebago Food, Sweetener Hickory chips boiled to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74 |
| Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch Shagbark Hickory USDA CAOV2 |
Winnebago Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74 |
| Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch Shagbark Hickory USDA CAOV2 |
Winnebago Food, Unspecified Nuts eaten plain or with honey. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74 |
| Ceanothus americanus L. New Jersey Tea USDA CEAM |
Winnebago Food, Beverage Leaves used to make a tea like beverage. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102 |
| Ceanothus americanus L. New Jersey Tea USDA CEAM |
Winnebago Other, Fuel Woody roots used as fuel on the buffalo hunt during scarcities of timber. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102 |
| Cornus amomum P. Mill. Silky Dogwood USDA COAM2 |
Winnebago Other, Smoke Plant Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107 |
| Cornus asperifolia Michx. Toughleaf Dogwood USDA COAS2 |
Winnebago Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood considered the favorite for arrow shafts. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Winnebago Food, Soup Nuts used as a body for soup. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Winnebago Food, Unspecified Nuts eaten raw with honey. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 74 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Winnebago Food, Fruit Fruit sometimes used for food, but mostly as a famine food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Winnebago Food, Starvation Food Fruit sometimes used for food, but mostly as a famine food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87 |