| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Potawatomi Food, Sour Maple sap not only furnished the sugar for seasoning material but also furnished the vinegar. Sap that was allowed to become sour made a vinegar to be used in cooking venison which was afterwards sweetened with maple sugar. This corresponds somewhat to the German 'sweet and sour' style of cooking. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 92 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Potawatomi Food, Sweetener Maple sugar used, instead of salt, to season all cooking. The sugar maple and the black sugar maple are found all over Wisconsin and were considered to be the most valuable trees in the forest because they furnished them their seasoning material. While they do use salt today, it is an acquired ingredient and most of the old people would prefer to have sugar for their seasoning. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 92 |
| Acer sp. Maple |
Paiute Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make bows. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 88 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of boiled root chips applied to wounds and abscesses. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 118 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Iroquois Drug, Antihemorrhagic Compound decoction of roots and bark taken for internal hemorrhage. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 377 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Iroquois Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Plant used for intestinal diseases. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 94 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Malecite Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion of outside bark used for sore eyes. Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 248 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Malecite Drug, Eye Medicine Poultice of outside bark used for sore eyes. Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 248 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Menominee Other, Designs Leaves used as design for bead work and applique work. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 73 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Micmac Drug, Eye Medicine Bark used for sore eyes. Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 53 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion of pith used as a wash for sore eyes and pith used to remove foreign matter. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 353 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Ojibwa Other, Designs Three-lobed leaf was a great favorite with Ojibwe women for design work for beading. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 413 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Ojibwa Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make arrows. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Ojibwa Other, Toys & Games Root used to make the bowl for the dice bowl game. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Potawatomi Drug, Cough Medicine Compound containing inner bark used as cough syrup. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 37 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Potawatomi Other, Designs Leaves used as a pattern for bead and applique work. In making up a design for art work or bead work, a woman would burn deer antlers until they turned to charcoal and use this to rub on the backs of leaves. This surface was placed down upon a piece of white birchbark and rubbed until the shape and venation of the leaves were transferred to the birchbark. Then arranging with other leaves, a design would be formed which would be the pattern for the bead work. Oftentimes, this would be placed directly under the loom so that the form and outline of the finished bead work would be a true representation of the natural object. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 110 |
| Castilleja sessiliflora Pursh Downy Paintedcup USDA CASE5 |
Menominee Drug, Dermatological Aid Flowers and leaves macerated in bear grease & used as invigorating hair oil. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 53 |
| Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium Fireweed USDA CHANA2 |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of barked, macerated roots applied to boils, abscesses or wounds to draw out the infection. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38 |
| Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth Missouri Gourd USDA CUFO |
Cahuilla Drug, Dermatological Aid Macerated roots applied to ulcers. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 57 |
| Echinocereus triglochidiatus Engelm. Kingcup Cactus USDA ECTRT |
Isleta Food, Bread & Cake Pulp macerated and cooked with sugar to make cakes. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 26 |
| Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. triglochidiatus Kingcup Cactus USDA ECTRT |
Isleta Food, Bread & Cake Pulp macerated and cooked with sugar to make cakes. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 26 |
| Echinochloa crus-pavonis var. macera (Wieg.) Gould Gulf Cockspur Grass USDA ECCRM |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant used as a ceremonial emetic. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 16 |
| Echinochloa crus-pavonis var. macera (Wieg.) Gould Gulf Cockspur Grass USDA ECCRM |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Emetic Plant used as a ceremonial emetic. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 16 |
| Echinochloa crus-pavonis var. macera (Wieg.) Gould Gulf Cockspur Grass USDA ECCRM |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Fodder Used for horse feed. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 16 |
| Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. Eastern Mojave Buckwheat USDA ERFAF3 |
Zuni Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of root taken after parturition to heal lacerations. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 49 |
| Gaillardia aristata Pursh Common Gaillardia USDA GAAR |
Blackfoot Drug, Veterinary Aid Infusion of roots used for horses as an eyewash for minor lacerations. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 88 |
| Gilia rigidula ssp. acerosa (Gray) Wherry Bluebowls USDA GIRIA |
Keres, Western Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Crushed plant used to massage the muscles for cramps. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45 |
| Helianthus decapetalus L. Thinleaf Sunflower USDA HEDE |
Meskwaki Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of macerated root applied to sores of long standing. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 215 |
| Iris versicolor L. Harlequin Blueflag USDA IRVE2 |
Meskwaki Drug, Burn Dressing Poultice of freshly macerated root applied to burns. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 224 |
| Iris versicolor L. Harlequin Blueflag USDA IRVE2 |
Meskwaki Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of freshly macerated root applied to sores. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 224 |
| Linum rigidum Pursh Stiffstem Flax USDA LIRIR |
Keres, Western Drug, Psychological Aid Infusion of plant used by racers to make them speedy. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 52 |
| Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM. Heartleaf Four O'clock USDA MINY |
Meskwaki Drug, Burn Dressing Poultice of macerated root applied to burns. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 232 |
| Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze Pacific Ninebark USDA PHCA11 |
Saanich Drug, Laxative Infusion of macerated roots taken as a quick laxative. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86 |
| Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Russet Buffaloberry USDA SHCA |
Carrier Food, Ice Cream Berries used to make a froth similar to ice cream. The berries were macerated. In this process, it was most essential that all grease be kept away and the utensils be kept perfectly clean. A smooth froth, almost like ice cream of light consistency, was formed, which was edible and to those accustomed to it of good taste. Sugar was added to sweeten. This froth appeared to be formed from the saponins which were admixed with the other components of the fruit. Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949. Pages 12, 38., page 12 |
| Spiranthes lacera var. gracilis (Bigelow) Luer Northern Slender Ladiestresses USDA SPLAG |
Ojibwa Drug, Hunting Medicine Roots used as an ingredient of the hunting charm to bring game to the hunter. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 431 |
| Thymophylla acerosa (DC.) Strother Pricklyleaf Dogweed USDA THAC |
Isleta Drug, Febrifuge Decoction of leaves used as a body bath for fevers. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20 |
| Thymophylla acerosa (DC.) Strother Pricklyleaf Dogweed USDA THAC |
Keres, Western Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco for the flavor. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24 |
| Townsendia strigosa Nutt. Hairy Townsendia USDA TOST |
Keres, Western Drug, Gynecological Aid Dried leaves ground into a powder and used on lacerations at childbirth. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 73 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Cherokee Drug, Anticonvulsive Infusion taken to prevent recurrent spasms. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Cherokee Drug, Diaphoretic Root bark taken as a diaphoretic. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Cherokee Drug, Febrifuge Compound infusion taken for fever. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Cherokee Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Compound infusion taken for smallpox and ague. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Cherokee Drug, Oral Aid Infusion of bark used as a wash for sore tongue. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Cherokee Drug, Tonic Root bark taken as a tonic. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Chippewa Drug, Analgesic Decoction of inner bark taken for cramps. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 344 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Chippewa Drug, Emetic Compound decoction of scraped inner bark taken as an emetic. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 346 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Chippewa Drug, Emetic Cool infusion of bark taken as an emetic. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 346 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Chippewa Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of inner bark taken for stomach cramps. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 344 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Iroquois Drug, Analgesic Infusion of bark taken and applied as poultice for pain caused by witchcraft. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 447 |
| Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf Viburnum USDA VIAC |
Iroquois Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion of plants taken to suppress excessive menses. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 447 |