| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Gitksan Drug, Emetic Bark used as an emetic. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Gitksan Drug, Emetic Infusion of root bark taken as an emetic. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 64 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Gitksan Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Bark, juniper roots and cow parsnip roots used for evil witchcraft victims. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J. and Beverley Anderson, 1988, Gitksan Traditional Medicine: Herbs And Healing, Journal of Ethnobiology 8(1):13-33, page 24 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Gosiute Food, Fruit Fruit used in season for food. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 380 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hesquiat Drug, Analgesic Roots rubbed on the skin for aching, tired muscles. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hesquiat Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Roots rubbed on the skin for aching, tired muscles. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hesquiat Drug, Emetic Raw roots chewed as an emetic. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hesquiat Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Raw roots chewed to clean out the stomach. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hesquiat Drug, Laxative Raw roots chewed as a laxative. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hesquiat Drug, Poison Berries should always be eaten cooked, as they are potentially poisonous when raw. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hesquiat Food, Fruit Berries should always be eaten cooked, as they are potentially poisonous when raw. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hesquiat Food, Fruit Fruit cooked with sugar and eaten. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hesquiat Food, Preserves Cooked fruit made excellent jelly and jam. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 63 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Kitasoo Food, Bread & Cake Fruit cooked, dried into cakes, stored, reconstituted and eaten. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 329 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Emetic Root extract taken to induce vomiting. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 280 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion of bark used as steambath to relax body of woman after childbirth. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 280 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Herbal Steam Infusion of bark used as steambath to relax body of woman after childbirth. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 280 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Orthopedic Aid Compound infusion of bark used as a footbath for aching legs and feet. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 280 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Food, Bread & Cake Berries pit steamed, dried over fire into cakes and eaten at noon. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 280 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Toys & Games Stems hollowed and used as blowguns by children. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 261 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Makah Food, Dried Food Fruit steamed, sun dried and placed in bentwood cedar boxes for storage. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Makah Food, Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Makah Food, Fruit Fruit mixed with sugar, steamed and eaten. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Makah Food, Winter Use Food Berry clusters placed in alder bark cones and submerged in cold creeks for storage. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Makah Food, Winter Use Food Fruit canned for winter use. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Makah Other, Waterproofing Agent Fruit or flower glue used to waterproof cedar bark rain hats. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Malecite Drug, Emetic Infusion of plant strips used with round wood as an emetic. Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 254 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Menominee Drug, Antidote Decoction of scraped inner bark used as a quick emetic in cases of poisoning. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 131 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Menominee Drug, Cathartic Decoction of peeled twigs, a drastic purgative, taken for severe constipation. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 27, 28 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Menominee Drug, Emetic Decoction of inner bark and rind taken as a powerful emetic. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 27, 28 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Menominee Drug, Emetic Decoction of scraped inner bark used as a quick emetic in cases of poisoning. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 131 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Micmac Drug, Emetic Herbs used as an 'emetic (with round wood).' Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 61 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Nitinaht Drug, Emetic Bark soaked in water and taken as an emetic and purge. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Nitinaht Drug, Laxative Bark used as a very strong laxative. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Nitinaht Drug, Strengthener Bark used by athletes to 'draw out all the slime in the system,' for better wind and endurance. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Nitinaht Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Ojibwa Drug, Cathartic Decoction of inner bark, considered dangerous, taken as a cathartic. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 360361 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Ojibwa Drug, Emetic Decoction of inner bark, considered dangerous, taken as an emetic. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 360361 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Ojibwa Drug, Unspecified Infusion of roots used as a medicine. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 237 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Ojibwa Food, Unspecified Species used for food. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 237 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Okanagon Drug, Antirheumatic (Internal) Plant used for rheumatism. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Okanagon Drug, Dermatological Aid Plant used for erysipelas. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Okanagon Drug, Toothache Remedy Bark placed in the hollow of a tooth for toothaches. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Okanagon Food, Fruit Fruits eaten for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Pomo Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of roots used as a lotion on open sores and cuts. Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 15 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Potawatomi Drug, Cathartic Infusion of inner bark taken as a physic and emetic. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 46 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Potawatomi Drug, Emetic Infusion of stem bark taken as a strong emetic. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 46 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Quileute Food, Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Quileute Food, Winter Use Food Fruit canned for winter use. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 318 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Salish, Coast Other, Toys & Games Stems hollowed out and used as blowguns by children. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 80 |