| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Sikani Drug, Cathartic Decoction of bark taken as a purgative. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 64 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Thompson Drug, Antirheumatic (Internal) Plant used for rheumatism. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Thompson Drug, Dermatological Aid Plant used for erysipelas. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Thompson Drug, Liver Aid Infusion of white roots and cascara bark taken for liver diseases. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 199 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Thompson Drug, Toothache Remedy Bark placed in the hollow of a tooth for toothaches. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Thompson Food, Fruit Berries stewed or eaten fresh with salmon egg 'cheese.' The berries were said to taste like sulfur. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 199 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Thompson Food, Fruit Fruits eaten for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Thompson Food, Soup Mashed berries dried in cakes, broken off and added to salmon head soup and other dishes. The berries were said to taste like sulfur. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 199 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Thompson Food, Spice Berry juice used to marinate salmon. The berries were mashed in birch bark baskets, and when the fish had been split open along the backbone in preparation for barbecuing, it was soaked for a while in elderberry juice to flavor it. Then, the fish was taken out, the berry seeds scraped off and the fish barbecued and eaten. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 199 |
| Sambucus racemosa L. Scarlet Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Wet'suwet'en Drug, Unspecified Bark used for medicine. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa (Gray) McMinn Black Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Paiute Drug, Antidiarrheal Dried ripe berries eaten or decoction of root taken for diarrhea. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 137138 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa (Gray) McMinn Black Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Paiute Drug, Cold Remedy Decoction of flowers taken for colds. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 137138 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa (Gray) McMinn Black Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Paiute Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of flowers taken for coughs. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 137138 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa (Gray) McMinn Black Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Paiute Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of boiled, mashed root applied to cuts and wounds. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 137138 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa (Gray) McMinn Black Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Paiute Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of leaves applied to bruises. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 137138 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa (Gray) McMinn Black Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Paiute Drug, Gynecological Aid Poultice of boiled, mashed root applied to caked breasts. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 137138 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa (Gray) McMinn Black Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Paiute Drug, Hemostat Poultice of bruised leaves applied to bleeding wounds. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 137138 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa (Gray) McMinn Black Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Paiute Drug, Pediatric Aid Decoction of flowers given to children as a spring tonic. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 137138 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa (Gray) McMinn Black Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Paiute Drug, Tonic Decoction of blossoms given to children as a spring tonic. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 137138 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa (Gray) McMinn Black Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Shoshoni Drug, Antidiarrheal Decoction of root taken for dysentery. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 137138 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa (Gray) McMinn Black Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Shoshoni Drug, Blood Medicine Decoction of root taken as a blood tonic. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 137138 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa (Gray) McMinn Black Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Shoshoni Drug, Cold Remedy Decoction of blossoms taken for colds. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 137138 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa (Gray) McMinn Black Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Shoshoni Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of blossoms taken for coughs. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 137138 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa (Gray) McMinn Black Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Shoshoni Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of blossoms taken for tuberculosis. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 137138 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Apache Food, Fruit Fruits eaten fresh or cooked. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 50 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Preserves Fruit cooked with a sweet substance, strained and eaten as jelly. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Chehalis Food, Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Cowlitz Drug, Orthopedic Aid Poultice of leaves or bark applied to sore joints for the swelling. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Cowlitz Food, Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Green River Group Food, Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Haisla Food, Fruit Berries used extensively, especially to mix with and extend other berries. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Drug, Abortifacient Leaves boiled and used to shorten pregnancy. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Berries cooked and eaten for stomach problems. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Drug, Reproductive Aid Leaves boiled and used in aiding childbirth. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Food, Beverage Berries used to make wine. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Food, Dried Food Berries dried for future use. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Food, Winter Use Food Berries formerly an important winter food. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Cooking Tools Leaves used to whip soapberries. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make points for oolichan and squirrel spears. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hanaksiala Drug, Analgesic Cooked shoots put in bath water and used as a soak for pain. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hanaksiala Drug, Analgesic Poultice of cooked shoots applied for pain. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hanaksiala Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Cooked shoots put in bath water and used as a soak for sore, arthritic areas. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hanaksiala Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of cooked shoots applied to sore, arthritic areas. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hanaksiala Drug, Dermatological Aid Root slivers inserted into boil eruptions. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hanaksiala Food, Fruit Berries mixed with blueberries, Pacific crabapples and oolichan grease and eaten. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 229 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hoh Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of roots or bark used for colds. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hoh Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of roots or bark used for coughs. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hoh Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion of roots or bark used by women during confinement. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hoh Food, Fruit Berries pit baked and used for food. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |
| Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa European Red Elderberry USDA SARAR3 |
Hoh Food, Sauce & Relish Fruits used to make a sauce. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 69 |