| Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. Pricklypear USDA OPHUH |
Pawnee Food, Fruit Fruits, with bristles removed, eaten fresh and raw or stewed. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 104 |
| Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. Pricklypear USDA OPHUH |
Pawnee Food, Starvation Food Stems, with spines removed, roasted during food scarcities. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 104 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Acoma Food, Dried Food Young joints split lengthwise, dried and stored for winter use. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 35 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Acoma Food, Unspecified Joints roasted and eaten. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 35 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Dried Food Fruit dried for winter use. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Fruit Fruit eaten raw or stewed. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Keres, Western Drug, Dermatological Aid Ground needle coverings made into a paste and used for boils. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 55 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Keres, Western Drug, Ear Medicine Dried stem pith used for earache and running ear. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 55 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Keres, Western Drug, Strengthener Thorn coverings eaten by men in times of war to make them tough. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 55 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Keres, Western Fiber, Sewing Material Thorns used as sewing material and for tattooing. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 55 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Keres, Western Food, Starvation Food Roasted joints used for food during times of famine. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 55 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Keres, Western Food, Winter Use Food Young, dried joints stored for winter food. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 55 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Keres, Western Other, Lighting Dried woody stems used for candles and torches before the presence of other forms of lighting. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 55 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Keres, Western Other, Season Indicator Red flowers used as an indicator of when to plant beans. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 55 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Keres, Western Other, Tools Thorns used as sewing needles and for tattooing. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 55 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Laguna Food, Dried Food Young joints split lengthwise, dried and stored for winter use. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 35 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Laguna Food, Unspecified Joints roasted and eaten. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 35 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Papago Food, Vegetable Eaten as greens in summer. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 14 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Pima Food, Dried Food Fruits pit baked overnight, dried and stored. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 36 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Pima Food, Dried Food Fruits pit cooked, dried, boiled, salted and eaten with pinole. Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 71 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Pima Food, Fruit Fruits roasted in pits and eaten. Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 69 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Tewa of Hano Food, Fruit Fruits boiled and eaten with sweetened cornmeal porridge. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 62 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Zuni Other, Ceremonial Items Plant used ceremonially. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 95 |
| Opuntia leptocaulis DC. Christmas Cactus USDA OPLE |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Drug, Narcotic Fruits crushed and mixed with a beverage to produce narcotic effects. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 55 |
| Opuntia leptocaulis DC. Christmas Cactus USDA OPLE |
Pima Food, Fruit Fruits freed from thorns and eaten raw. Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 60 |
| Opuntia leptocaulis DC. Christmas Cactus USDA OPLE |
Pima Food, Fruit Small fruits eaten raw. Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 261 |
| Opuntia leptocaulis DC. Christmas Cactus USDA OPLE |
Pima, Gila River Food, Fruit Fruits eaten raw. Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7 |
| Opuntia macrorhiza var. macrorhiza Twistspine Pricklypear USDA OPMAM3 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Dermatological Aid Cactus spines formerly used to pierce ears and lance small skin abscesses. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Opuntia macrorhiza var. macrorhiza Twistspine Pricklypear USDA OPMAM3 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Gynecological Aid Stem roasted and material used to lubricate midwife's hand for placenta removal. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Opuntia macrorhiza var. macrorhiza Twistspine Pricklypear USDA OPMAM3 |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Dried Food Fruit dried and boiled. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Opuntia macrorhiza var. macrorhiza Twistspine Pricklypear USDA OPMAM3 |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Fruit Fruit eaten raw. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Opuntia macrorhiza var. macrorhiza Twistspine Pricklypear USDA OPMAM3 |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Winter Use Food Fruit harvested for winter use. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. Tulip Pricklypear USDA OPPHP |
Havasupai Food, Beverage Plant used to make a drink. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 66 |
| Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. Tulip Pricklypear USDA OPPHP |
Havasupai Food, Bread & Cake Dried fruit pounded into cakes for storage or pieces of cake eaten without further preparation. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 233 |
| Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. Tulip Pricklypear USDA OPPHP |
Havasupai Food, Dried Food Fruits sun dried for future use. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 233 |
| Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. Tulip Pricklypear USDA OPPHP |
Havasupai Food, Fruit Fruits eaten fresh. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 233 |
| Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. Tulip Pricklypear USDA OPPHP |
Havasupai Other, Containers Used in preparing pottery clay. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 233 |
| Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. Tulip Pricklypear USDA OPPHP |
Havasupai Other, Tools Spines used to prick the design into the skin for tattooing. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 233 |
| Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. Tulip Pricklypear USDA OPPHP |
Navajo Food, Beverage Plant used to make fruit juice. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 14 |
| Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. Tulip Pricklypear USDA OPPHP |
Navajo Food, Bread & Cake Pad pulp formed into cakes, dried, stored for later use and fried or roasted. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 14 |
| Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. Tulip Pricklypear USDA OPPHP |
Navajo Food, Candy Pad strips peeled, parboiled, boiled and used as chewing gum. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 14 |
| Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. Tulip Pricklypear USDA OPPHP |
Navajo Food, Candy Pads peeled, sliced, roasted, boiled in sugar water, dried and eaten like candy. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 14 |
| Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. Tulip Pricklypear USDA OPPHP |
Navajo Food, Cooking Agent Seed flour used to thicken soups, puddings or fruit dishes. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 14 |
| Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. Tulip Pricklypear USDA OPPHP |
Navajo Food, Dried Food Plant eaten dried. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 14 |
| Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. Tulip Pricklypear USDA OPPHP |
Navajo Food, Fruit Fruit eaten raw. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 14 |
| Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. Tulip Pricklypear USDA OPPHP |
Navajo Food, Preserves Pads peeled, sliced, roasted, boiled in sugar water until dissolved into a syrup & eaten like jelly. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 14 |
| Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. Tulip Pricklypear USDA OPPHP |
Navajo Food, Preserves Plant used to make jelly. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 14 |
| Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. Tulip Pricklypear USDA OPPHP |
Navajo Food, Staple Dried seeds ground into flour. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 14 |
| Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. Tulip Pricklypear USDA OPPHP |
Navajo Food, Unspecified Pads parboiled, peeled, sliced, boiled in salted water and eaten. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 14 |
| Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. Tulip Pricklypear USDA OPPHP |
Navajo Food, Unspecified Plant eaten fresh. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 14 |