| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Cheyenne Other, Smoke Plant Pulverized root and red willow bark used for smoking. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 171 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Cheyenne Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried, mixed with red willow bark and used for pipe smoking. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 25 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Cheyenne Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco or red willow and used to smoke in a pipe. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 183 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of roots, red willow and chokecherry branches used as a cleansing medicine for the scalp. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62 |
| Mentha sp. Mint |
Navajo Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Used with sage, red penstemon, red willow, scrub oak & chokecherry as medicine for Shooting Chant. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 73 |
| Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats. Coyote Tobacco USDA NIAT |
Shuswap Other, Smoke Plant Mixed with kinnikinnick and red willow and smoked at ceremonies. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 69 |
| Populus tremuloides Michx. Quaking Aspen USDA POTR5 |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Tree important to the Sun's House Chant. This tree, according to legend, has the distinction of being the first tree against which the bear rubs his back in the Sun's House Chant. The others are red willow, fir and chokecherry. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 38 |
| Prunus virginiana L. Common Chokecherry USDA PRVIV |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Tonic Decoction of branches and red willow roots used as a general tonic for any type of sickness. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127 |
| Prunus virginiana L. Common Chokecherry USDA PRVIV |
Thompson Drug, Cold Remedy Decoction of branches, sometimes with red willow branches & wild rose roots, taken for colds. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 264 |
| Prunus virginiana L. Common Chokecherry USDA PRVIV |
Thompson Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of branches, sometimes with red willow branches & wild rose roots, taken for coughs. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 264 |
| Prunus virginiana L. Common Chokecherry USDA PRVIV |
Thompson Drug, Laxative Decoction of branches, sometimes with red willow branches & wild rose roots, taken as a laxative. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 264 |
| Prunus virginiana L. Common Chokecherry USDA PRVIV |
Thompson Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of branches, sometimes with red willow branches & wild rose roots, taken for influenza. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 264 |
| Rosa acicularis Lindl. Prickly Rose USDA ROACA |
Thompson Drug, Antidiarrheal Decoction of branches, choke cherry and red willow taken for diarrhea. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267 |
| Rosa acicularis Lindl. Prickly Rose USDA ROACA |
Thompson Drug, Antiemetic Decoction of branches, choke cherry and red willow taken for vomiting. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267 |
| Rosa acicularis Lindl. Prickly Rose USDA ROACA |
Thompson Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of branches, choke cherry and red willow taken for women's illnesses. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267 |
| Rosa nutkana K. Presl Nootka Rose USDA RONUN |
Thompson Drug, Antidiarrheal Decoction of branches, choke cherry and red willow taken for diarrhea. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267 |
| Rosa nutkana K. Presl Nootka Rose USDA RONUN |
Thompson Drug, Antiemetic Decoction of branches, choke cherry and red willow taken for vomiting. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267 |
| Rosa nutkana K. Presl Nootka Rose USDA RONUN |
Thompson Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of branches, choke cherry and red willow taken for women's illnesses. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267 |
| Rosa pisocarpa Gray Cluster Rose USDA ROPI2 |
Thompson Drug, Antidiarrheal Decoction of branches, choke cherry and red willow taken for diarrhea. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267 |
| Rosa pisocarpa Gray Cluster Rose USDA ROPI2 |
Thompson Drug, Antiemetic Decoction of branches, choke cherry and red willow taken for vomiting. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267 |
| Rosa pisocarpa Gray Cluster Rose USDA ROPI2 |
Thompson Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of branches, choke cherry and red willow taken for women's illnesses. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267 |
| Rosa woodsii Lindl. Woods' Rose USDA ROWOW |
Thompson Drug, Antidiarrheal Decoction of branches, choke cherry and red willow taken for diarrhea. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267 |
| Rosa woodsii Lindl. Woods' Rose USDA ROWOW |
Thompson Drug, Antiemetic Decoction of branches, choke cherry and red willow taken for vomiting. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267 |
| Rosa woodsii Lindl. Woods' Rose USDA ROWOW |
Thompson Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of branches, choke cherry and red willow taken for women's illnesses. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 267 |
| Salix bonplandiana Kunth Red Willow USDA SABO |
Costanoan Drug, Febrifuge Bark used for fevers. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 21 |
| Salix bonplandiana Kunth Red Willow USDA SABO |
Havasupai Fiber, Basketry Young shoots used for basketry. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 214 |
| Salix bonplandiana Kunth Red Willow USDA SABO |
Havasupai Fiber, Building Material Wood used for fence posts and as fuel for fires. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 214 |
| Salix bonplandiana Kunth Red Willow USDA SABO |
Havasupai Other, Fuel Wood used for fence posts and as fuel for fires. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 214 |
| Salix bonplandiana Kunth Red Willow USDA SABO |
Karok Fiber, Basketry Roots used to make baskets. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381 |
| Salix bonplandiana Kunth Red Willow USDA SABO |
Karok Fiber, Basketry Twigs used as warp sticks. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381 |
| Salix bonplandiana Kunth Red Willow USDA SABO |
Karok Other, Protection Used as a protective charm by those ferrying turbulent waters. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381 |
| Salix bonplandiana Kunth Red Willow USDA SABO |
Kawaiisu Drug, Antidiarrheal Infusion of roots taken for diarrhea. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61 |
| Salix bonplandiana Kunth Red Willow USDA SABO |
Kawaiisu Fiber, Basketry Young, green stems used to make baskets. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61 |
| Salix bonplandiana Kunth Red Willow USDA SABO |
Kawaiisu Fiber, Building Material Used as the poles for the winterhouse and sweathouse construction. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61 |
| Salix bonplandiana Kunth Red Willow USDA SABO |
Kawaiisu Fiber, Building Material Used in house construction. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61 |
| Salix bonplandiana Kunth Red Willow USDA SABO |
Kawaiisu Fiber, Furniture Used to make the oval and Y shaped cradles. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61 |
| Salix bonplandiana Kunth Red Willow USDA SABO |
Kawaiisu Food, Candy Sticky, sweet substance relished like candy and honey. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61 |
| Salix bonplandiana Kunth Red Willow USDA SABO |
Kawaiisu Other, Containers Twigs with leaves used as 'wrappers' to hold buckeye nuts and fish. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61 |
| Salix bonplandiana Kunth Red Willow USDA SABO |
Kawaiisu Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Used to make the bows and arrows for hunting small game and birds. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61 |
| Salix bonplandiana Kunth Red Willow USDA SABO |
Kawaiisu Other, Smoking Tools Twigs with leaves used as 'wrappers' to hold tobacco. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61 |
| Salix bonplandiana Kunth Red Willow USDA SABO |
Kawaiisu Other, Tools Used to make long needles for sewing tule into mats. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61 |
| Salix bonplandiana Kunth Red Willow USDA SABO |
Kawaiisu Other, Toys & Games Split stems used to make clappers and whistles. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61 |
| Salix sp. |
Blackfoot Fiber, Building Material Branches used to construct the many different sweat lodges. The Horn Society sweat lodge was constructed of fourteen willows. The Holy Woman's sweat lodge in the Sun Dance was made of one hundred willows, which had been gathered by members of the Pigeon Society. The Motokiks Society (a woman's society) constructed its lodge with twelve willows. Medicine Pipes had fourteen. The used frame of a sweat lodge was left on the prairie. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17 |