| Agave parryi Engelm. Parry's Agave USDA AGPAP5 |
Apache, Western Food, Beverage Flower stalk baked and chewed for juice. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169 |
| Agave parryi Engelm. Parry's Agave USDA AGPAP5 |
Apache, Western Food, Beverage Flower stalk baked and chewed for juice. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 169 |
| Agave sp. Mescal |
Navajo Food, Unspecified Young and tender flowering stalks and shoots roasted and eaten. Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94 |
| Agave sp. Mescal |
Yavapai Food, Unspecified Flower stalk baked and soft, inner part used for food. Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 259 |
| Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. Tall Hairy Agrimony USDA AGGR2 |
Iroquois Drug, Basket Medicine Infusion of roots and flowers used on anything to sell, a 'basket medicine.' Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 358 |
| Alcea rosea L. Hollyhock USDA ALRO3 |
Shinnecock Drug, Dermatological Aid Leaves used to apply infusion of flowers to inflamed areas. Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 120 |
| Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Indian Walnut USDA ALMO2 |
Hawaiian Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Flowers & other plants pounded & resulting liquid given to infants for stomach or bowel disorders. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 56 |
| Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Indian Walnut USDA ALMO2 |
Hawaiian Drug, Pediatric Aid Flowers & other plants pounded & resulting liquid given to infants for stomach or bowel disorders. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 56 |
| Allium macropetalum Rydb. Largeflower Wild Onion USDA ALMA4 |
Navajo Food, Dried Food Bulbs rubbed in hot ashes, dried and stored for winter use. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15 |
| Allium macropetalum Rydb. Largeflower Wild Onion USDA ALMA4 |
Navajo Food, Unspecified Bulbs rubbed in hot ashes and eaten. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15 |
| Allium macropetalum Rydb. Largeflower Wild Onion USDA ALMA4 |
Navajo Food, Unspecified Onions singed, to remove the strong taste, and eaten immediately. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 31 |
| Allium macropetalum Rydb. Largeflower Wild Onion USDA ALMA4 |
Navajo Food, Vegetable Entire plant eaten raw or cooked with meat. Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 221 |
| Allium macropetalum Rydb. Largeflower Wild Onion USDA ALMA4 |
Navajo Food, Winter Use Food Onions singed, to remove the strong taste, dried and stored for winter use. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 31 |
| Allium pleianthum S. Wats. Manyflower Onion USDA ALPL3 |
Paiute Food, Sauce & Relish Green leaves eaten as a relish. Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 102 |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Apache, White Mountain Other, Paint Flowers used as face paint. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155 |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Hopi Dye, Red Flowers used to color bread red for certain dances. Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 162 |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Hopi Dye, Red Flowers used to color bread red for certain dances. Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 162 |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Hopi Dye, Unspecified Flowers used to color piki. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 283 |
| Amaranthus hybridus L. Slim Amaranth USDA AMHY |
Havasupai Food, Soup Leaves and squash flowers boiled, ground and fresh or dried corn and water added to make soup. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 74 |
| Amphiachyris dracunculoides (DC.) Nutt. Prairie Broomweed USDA AMDR |
Comanche Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of boiled flowers used for eczema and skin rashes. Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 5 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Anticosti Food, Beverage Flowers used to scent alcohol. Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 68 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Cheyenne Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Powdered flowers chewed and rubbed on body to protect and strengthen warrior. Grinnell, George Bird, 1905, Some Cheyenne Plant Medicines, American Anthropologist 7:37-43, page 42 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Cheyenne Drug, Veterinary Aid Powdered flowers put on each hoof & blown between the ears for long windedness, spirit & endurance. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Cheyenne Drug, Veterinary Aid Powdered flowers used on the sole of each horse hoof to make it enduring and untiring. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 187 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Cheyenne Other, Protection Dried flowers carried or chewed and rubbed on the body as protection from danger before battle. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 187 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Chippewa Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Compound decoction of flowers used as herbal steam for rheumatism and paralysis. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 362 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Chippewa Drug, Herbal Steam Infusion of flower used as herbal steam for rheumatism and paralysis. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 362 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Chippewa Drug, Orthopedic Aid Infusion of flower used as herbal steam for rheumatism and paralysis. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 362 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Iroquois Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Compound decoction of roots and flowers taken for bruise on back of stomach. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 465 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Iroquois Drug, Respiratory Aid Infusion of flowers and roots from another plant used for asthma. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 63 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Kwakiutl Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of flowers applied to sores and swellings. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 278 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Kwakiutl Drug, Internal Medicine Decoction of flowers taken for internal disorders. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 278 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Mahuna Drug, Dermatological Aid Flowers used for skin ulcers and foot sores. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 11 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Ojibwa Drug, Stimulant Powdered flowers sprinkled on coals and smoke inhaled to revive stroke victim. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 362363 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Incense & Fragrance Leaves, stems and flowers placed in baby cradles, pillows or stored clothes for the good smell. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Potawatomi Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Flowers smoked in a pipe or smudged on coals to repel evil spirits. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 49 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Thompson Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of dried flowers taken for rheumatic fever. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 167 |
| Androsace septentrionalis L. Pygmyflower Rockjasmine USDA ANSES3 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Analgesic Cold infusion taken for internal pain. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38, 39 |
| Androsace septentrionalis L. Pygmyflower Rockjasmine USDA ANSES3 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Plant used as 'life medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38, 39 |
| Androsace septentrionalis L. Pygmyflower Rockjasmine USDA ANSES3 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Venereal Aid Compound decoction of plant taken before sweatbath for venereal disease. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38, 39 |
| Androsace septentrionalis L. Pygmyflower Rockjasmine USDA ANSES3 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Plant used as a lotion to give protection from witches. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38 |
| Androsace septentrionalis ssp. subulifera (Gray) G.T. Robbins Pygmyflower Rockjasmine USDA ANSES4 |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Analgesic Plant used for pain from witches' arrows. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 35 |
| Androsace septentrionalis ssp. subulifera (Gray) G.T. Robbins Pygmyflower Rockjasmine USDA ANSES4 |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Plant used for bewitchment and pain from witches' arrows. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 35 |
| Anemone multifida var. hudsoniana DC. Hudson's Anemone USDA ANMUH2 |
Blackfoot Drug, Analgesic Cottony flower burned on hot coals for headache. McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 274275 |
| Angelica archangelica L. Norwegian Angelica |
Eskimo, Greenland Food, Vegetable Tender, young leaf stalks and peeled, young flowering stems eaten raw. Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 28 |
| Annona reticulata L. Custard Apple USDA ANRE |
Seminole Drug, Kidney Aid Infusion of flowers taken for kidney disorders. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 274 |
| Aquilegia eximia Van Houtte ex Planch. Van Houtte's Columbine USDA AQEX |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Ceremonial Items Flowers used in dance wreathes at the Strawberry Festival. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 39 |
| Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC. Western Columbine USDA AQFO |
Hanaksiala Food, Candy Flowers sucked by children for the sweet nectar. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 262 |
| Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC. Western Columbine USDA AQFO |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Good Luck Charm Flower used as a good luck charm. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117 |
| Aquilegia formosa Fisch. ex DC. Western Columbine USDA AQFO |
Thompson Food, Forage Flowers used as sources of nectar by humming birds. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 516 |