| Arbutus menziesii Pursh Pacific Madrone USDA ARME |
Mendocino Indian Food, Forage White, globular flowers eaten by doves, wild pigeons and turkeys. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 374 |
| Arbutus menziesii Pursh Pacific Madrone USDA ARME |
Pomo, Kashaya Drug, Love Medicine Flowers used for love charm poisoning. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 67 |
| Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry Whiteleaf Manzanita USDA ARMAM2 |
Mendocino Indian Food, Unspecified Globular, waxy flowers sucked or eaten by children. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375 |
| Arenaria congesta Nutt. Ballhead Sandwort USDA ARCOC4 |
Shoshoni Drug, Blood Medicine Infusion of flower heads and seeds taken as a blood purifier. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47 |
| Artemisia dracunculus L. Wormwood USDA ARDR4 |
Chippewa Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed, fresh or dried leaves and flowers applied to wounds. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 356 |
| Artemisia dracunculus L. Wormwood USDA ARDR4 |
Chippewa Drug, Heart Medicine Infusion of leaf and flower taken or fresh leaf chewed for heart palpitations. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 338 |
| Artemisia frigida Willd. Fringed Sagewort USDA ARFR4 |
Potawatomi Drug, Stimulant Leaves and flowers fumed on live coals to revive comatose patient. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 49 |
| Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana Foothill Sagewort USDA ARLUL2 |
Chippewa Drug, Antidote Dried flowers placed on coals and the fumes used as an antidote to bad medicine. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376 |
| Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana Foothill Sagewort USDA ARLUL2 |
Chippewa Drug, Antidote Smoke of burned flowers inhaled as antidote for 'bad medicine.' Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 366 |
| Artemisia sp. Sage |
Blackfoot Drug, Veterinary Aid Bracts and flower heads used in horse medicine bundles. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56 |
| Asclepias eriocarpa Benth. Woollypod Milkweed USDA ASER |
Mendocino Indian Food, Forage Sweet-scented flowers used by bees as a source of nectar. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 379 |
| Asclepias fascicularis Dcne. Mexican Whorled Milkweed USDA ASFA |
Mendocino Indian Drug, Poison Flowers considered poisonous. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 380 |
| Asclepias speciosa Torr. Showy Milkweed USDA ASSP |
Cheyenne Food, Sauce & Relish Flowers boiled with soup or meat, flour added and eaten as a gravy. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 66 |
| Asclepias speciosa Torr. Showy Milkweed USDA ASSP |
Crow Food, Sauce & Relish Flowers boiled with soup or meat, flour added and eaten as a gravy. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 66 |
| Asclepias speciosa Torr. Showy Milkweed USDA ASSP |
Crow Food, Unspecified Flowers boiled for food. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7 |
| Asclepias speciosa Torr. Showy Milkweed USDA ASSP |
Lakota Food, Preserves Open flowers cut up for a sort of preserve. Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 34 |
| Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milkweed USDA ASSY |
Chippewa Food, Preserves Flowers cut up, stewed and eaten like preserves. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 320 |
| Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milkweed USDA ASSY |
Iroquois Food, Vegetable Tender stems, leaves and immature flower clusters cooked and seasoned with salt, pepper or butter. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 117 |
| Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milkweed USDA ASSY |
Ojibwa Food, Vegetable Fresh flowers and shoot tips, mucilaginous like okra when cooked, used in meat soups. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 397 |
| Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milkweed USDA ASSY |
Ojibwa Food, Vegetable Young shoots and flower buds cooked like spinach. Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2205 |
| Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milkweed USDA ASSY |
Ojibwa Food, Winter Use Food Dried flowers, freshened in the winter time, made into soup. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 397 |
| Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milkweed USDA ASSY |
Omaha Food, Vegetable Inflorescence, before the flower buds opened, and young fruits used as greens. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 325 |
| Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milkweed USDA ASSY |
Potawatomi Food, Soup Flowers and buds used to thicken meat soups and to impart a very pleasing flavor to the dish. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 96 |
| Aster sp. Prairie Aster |
Blackfoot Dye, Unspecified Flowers rubbed by children on bouncing arrows for color. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109 |
| Aster sp. Prairie Aster |
Blackfoot Other, Jewelry Flowers used to make necklaces. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109 |
| Athyrium filix-femina ssp. angustum (Willd.) Clausen Subarctic Ladyfern USDA ATFIA |
Iroquois Drug, Reproductive Aid Infusion of plant, vinegar bark and flower stalks taken to prevent women's water from breaking. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 34 |
| Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. Fourwing Saltbush USDA ATCAC |
Navajo Food, Pie & Pudding Flowers used to make puddings. Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 148 |
| Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. Fourwing Saltbush USDA ATCAC |
Zuni Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of fresh or dried flower used for ant bites. Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 374 |
| Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats. Big Saltbush USDA ATLEL |
Cahuilla Drug, Nose Medicine Crushed flowers, stems and leaves steamed and inhaled for nasal congestion. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 45 |
| Atriplex nuttallii S. Wats. Nuttall's Saltbush USDA ATTR3 |
Pima Food, Spice Young stems and flower heads used as flavoring. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 18 |
| Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf Balsamroot USDA BASA3 |
Flathead Food, Unspecified Young, immature flower stems peeled and eaten raw. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 20 |
| Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf Balsamroot USDA BASA3 |
Kutenai Food, Unspecified Young, immature flower stems peeled and eaten raw. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 20 |
| Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf Balsamroot USDA BASA3 |
Nez Perce Food, Unspecified Young, immature flower stems peeled and eaten raw. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 20 |
| Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf Balsamroot USDA BASA3 |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Unspecified Flower bud stems peeled and succulent inner portion eaten raw or boiled. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 80 |
| Berlandiera lyrata Benth. Lyreleaf Greeneyes USDA BELY |
Acoma Food, Spice Flowers mixed with sausage as seasoning. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 19 |
| Berlandiera lyrata Benth. Lyreleaf Greeneyes USDA BELY |
Keres, Western Food, Spice Flowers mixed with sausage as seasoning. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33 |
| Berlandiera lyrata Benth. Lyreleaf Greeneyes USDA BELY |
Laguna Food, Spice Flowers mixed with sausage as seasoning. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 19 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Blackfoot Drug, Abortifacient Decoction of flowers and leaves taken when bundle to stop conception fails. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 60 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Blackfoot Drug, Abortifacient Flowers and leaves included in two separate bundles and used to stop conception. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 60 |
| Bidens sp. Kookoolau |
Hawaiian Drug, Dietary Aid Infusion of pounded flowers, buds, leaves and other plants taken to stimulate the appetite. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 53 |
| Bidens sp. Kookoolau |
Hawaiian Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of pounded flowers, buds, leaves and other plants taken for stomach troubles. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 53 |
| Bidens sp. Kookoolau |
Hawaiian Drug, Pediatric Aid Flowers and buds chewed by mothers and given to infants for general debility. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 53 |
| Bidens sp. Kookoolau |
Hawaiian Drug, Pediatric Aid Infusion of flowers, buds and leaves given to infants for general debility. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 53 |
| Bidens sp. Kookoolau |
Hawaiian Drug, Respiratory Aid Infusion of pounded flowers, buds, leaves and other plants strained and taken for asthma. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 53 |
| Bidens sp. Kookoolau |
Hawaiian Drug, Strengthener Flowers and buds chewed by mothers and given to infants for general debility. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 53 |
| Bidens sp. Kookoolau |
Hawaiian Drug, Strengthener Infusion of flowers, buds and leaves given to infants for general debility. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 53 |
| Bidens sp. Kookoolau |
Hawaiian Drug, Strengthener Infusion of flowers, buds and leaves taken for general debility. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 53 |
| Bidens sp. Kookoolau |
Hawaiian Drug, Throat Aid Infusion of pounded flowers, buds, leaves and other plants taken for throat troubles. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 53 |
| Boykinia occidentalis Torr. & Gray Coastal Brookfoam USDA BOOC2 |
Makah Other, Decorations Flowers used in bouquets. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 257 |
| Brassica sp. Mustard |
Pomo, Kashaya Food, Unspecified Flowers eaten raw or cooked and young leaves eaten boiled and fried. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 76 |