| Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Scarlet Indian Paintbrush USDA CACO17 |
Chippewa Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of flower taken for colds. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 362 |
| Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Scarlet Indian Paintbrush USDA CACO17 |
Chippewa Drug, Orthopedic Aid Simple or compound decoction of flowers used for paralysis. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 362 |
| Castilleja densiflora ssp. densiflora Denseflower Indian Paintbrush USDA CADED3 |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Ceremonial Items Flowers used in dance wreaths at the Strawberry Festival in May. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 35 |
| Castilleja exserta ssp. exserta Exserted Indian Paintbrush USDA CAEXE |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Ceremonial Items Flowers used in dance wreaths at the Strawberry Festival in May. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 35 |
| Castilleja foliolosa Hook. & Arn. Texas Indian Paintbrush USDA CAFO2 |
Cahuilla Food, Sweetener Flowers picked by children to suck the nectar. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 51 |
| Castilleja hispida Benth. Harsh Indian Paintbrush USDA CAHIH2 |
Nitinaht Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Bright flowers covered with snail slime and used to trap hummingbirds. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127 |
| Castilleja linariifolia Benth. Wyoming Indian Paintbrush USDA CALI4 |
Hopi Food, Unspecified Flowers eaten as food. Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 166 |
| Castilleja linariifolia Benth. Wyoming Indian Paintbrush USDA CALI4 |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Used ceremonially as the 'Red Flower' associated with the southeast direction. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 297 |
| Castilleja linariifolia Benth. Wyoming Indian Paintbrush USDA CALI4 |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Used ceremonially as the Red Flower associated with the southeast direction. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 91 |
| Castilleja linariifolia Benth. Wyoming Indian Paintbrush USDA CALI4 |
Tewa Other, Ceremonial Items Used ceremonially as the 'Red Flower' associated with the southeast direction. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 297 |
| Castilleja linariifolia Benth. Wyoming Indian Paintbrush USDA CALI4 |
Tewa of Hano Other, Decorations Red flowers painted on pottery and carved in wood as decorations. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 54 |
| Castilleja lineata Greene Marshmeadow Indian Paintbrush USDA CALI5 |
Navajo Food, Special Food Flowers sucked for the honey, a delicacy. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 76 |
| Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook. Scarlet Indian Paintbrush USDA CAMIM5 |
Bella Coola Other, Toys & Games Flowers used in young girls' games. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 210 |
| Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook. Scarlet Indian Paintbrush USDA CAMIM5 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Food, Unspecified Flower nectar formerly sucked by children. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 292 |
| Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook. Scarlet Indian Paintbrush USDA CAMIM5 |
Nitinaht Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Bright flowers covered with snail slime and used to trap hummingbirds. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127 |
| Castilleja minor ssp. spiralis (Jepson) Chuang & Heckard Largeflower Indian Paintbrush USDA CAMIS3 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of leaves used as a wash for sores. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 17 |
| Castilleja parviflora Bong. Mountain Indian Paintbrush USDA CAPAP8 |
Karok Other, Toys & Games Flowers used by children as pretend woodpecker scalps, a form of money or wealth. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389 |
| Castilleja parviflora Bong. Mountain Indian Paintbrush USDA CAPAP8 |
Miwok Food, Beverage Flowers sipped sporadically and as a pastime. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 163 |
| Castilleja sessiliflora Pursh Downy Paintedcup USDA CASE5 |
Cheyenne Food, Unspecified Flower nectar sucked in spring. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 39 |
| Castilleja sessiliflora Pursh Downy Paintedcup USDA CASE5 |
Menominee Drug, Dermatological Aid Flowers and leaves macerated in bear grease & used as invigorating hair oil. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 53 |
| Castilleja sp. |
Blackfoot Dye, Unspecified Flowers rubbed by children on bouncing arrows for color and shine. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111 |
| Castilleja sp. |
Blackfoot Dye, Yellow Flowers used as a yellow dye for arrow feathers. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111 |
| Castilleja sp. |
Blackfoot Other, Waterproofing Agent Flowers used to shine and waterproof hides. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111 |
| Castilleja sp. |
Nevada Indian Drug, Love Medicine Infusion of flowers used for love medicine. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 50 |
| Castilleja unalaschcensis (Cham. & Schlecht.) Malte Alaska Indian Paintbrush USDA CAUN4 |
Bella Coola Other, Toys & Games Flowers used in young girls' games. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 210 |
| Caulanthus coulteri S. Wats. Coulter's Wild Cabbage USDA CACO38 |
Kawaiisu Food, Vegetable Leaves gathered in early spring before the flowers appear, boiled, salted, fried in grease & eaten. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 17 |
| Ceanothus griseus (Trel. ex B.L. Robins.) McMinn Carmel Ceanothus USDA CEGR2 |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Ceremonial Items Flowers used in dance wreathes at the Strawberry Festival. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 23 |
| Ceanothus griseus (Trel. ex B.L. Robins.) McMinn Carmel Ceanothus USDA CEGR2 |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Soap Fresh or dried flowers mixed with water and used as a soap for washing hands, face and body. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 23 |
| Ceanothus sp. California Lilac |
California Indian Other, Soap Flowers used to make soap suds. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 57 |
| Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Eschsch. Blueblossom Ceanothus USDA CETH |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Ceremonial Items Flowers used in dance wreathes at the Strawberry Festival. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 23 |
| Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Eschsch. Blueblossom Ceanothus USDA CETH |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Soap Fresh or dried flowers mixed with water and used as a soap for washing hands, face and body. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 23 |
| Centaurium venustum (Gray) B.L. Robins. Charming Centaury USDA CEVEV |
Miwok Drug, Febrifuge Decoction of flowers and leaves taken for fever. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 168 |
| Centaurium venustum (Gray) B.L. Robins. Charming Centaury USDA CEVEV |
Miwok Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of flowers and leaves taken for ague. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 168 |
| Centaurium venustum (Gray) B.L. Robins. Charming Centaury USDA CEVEV |
Miwok Drug, Pulmonary Aid Decoction of flowers, leaves and brandy taken for pneumonia. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 168 |
| Cercis canadensis L. Eastern Redbud USDA CECAC |
Kiowa Other, Season Indicator Flower welcomed as a sign of spring. This plant was esteemed because it is one of the earliest shrubs to flower in the spring. The red or pink flowers which appear before the leaves gave rise to their saying 'pink flowers form into leaves.' Flowering branches were used in the homes to 'drive winter out.' Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 32 |
| Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. Garden Dogfennel USDA CHNO3 |
Cherokee Drug, Abortifacient Infusion of flower or herb used for 'female obstructions.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28 |
| Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. Garden Dogfennel USDA CHNO3 |
Cherokee Drug, Sedative Infusion of flower or herb used for 'hysterical affections.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28 |
| Chamaesyce albomarginata (Torr. & Gray) Small Whitemargin Sandmat USDA CHAL11 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Snake Bite Remedy Ground leaves and flowers used as a salve for rattlesnake bites. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 31 |
| Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium Fireweed USDA CHANA2 |
Blackfoot Other, Waterproofing Agent Flowers rubbed on rawhide thongs and mittens for waterproofing. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 112 |
| Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium Fireweed USDA CHANA2 |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Season Indicator Flowering coincided with the season of moose fattening. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 38 |
| Chamerion latifolium (L.) Holub Dwarf Fireweed USDA CHLA13 |
Eskimo, Arctic Food, Vegetable Flowers eaten raw as a salad. Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 25 |
| Chamerion latifolium (L.) Holub Dwarf Fireweed USDA CHLA13 |
Eskimo, Greenland Food, Vegetable Flowers and leaves eaten raw with seal blubber. Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 25 |
| Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart. Pipsissewa USDA CHUMC2 |
Delaware Drug, Blood Medicine Infusion of plant, mallow root, elder flowers and dwarf elder bark used as a blood purifier. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 35 |
| Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart. Pipsissewa USDA CHUMC2 |
Delaware Drug, Pulmonary Aid Infusion of plant, mallow root, elder flowers and dwarf elder bark used to remove lung mucus. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 35 |
| Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart. Pipsissewa USDA CHUMC2 |
Delaware Drug, Urinary Aid Infusion of plant, mallow root, elder flowers and dwarf elder bark used for bladder inflammation. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 35 |
| Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart. Pipsissewa USDA CHUMC2 |
Delaware Drug, Venereal Aid Infusion of plant, mallow root, elder flowers and dwarf elder bark used for scrofula. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 35 |
| Chlorogalum parviflorum S. Wats. Smallflower Soapplant USDA CHPA7 |
Luiseno Food, Unspecified Bulb used for food. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 233 |
| Chrysothamnus depressus Nutt. Longflower Rabbitbrush USDA CHDE2 |
Hopi Other, Decorations Used as prayer stick decorations. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 96 |
| Chrysothamnus depressus Nutt. Longflower Rabbitbrush USDA CHDE2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of plant used to facilitate labor and delivery of placenta. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49 |
| Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt. Green Rabbitbrush USDA CHVIA4 |
Navajo Dye, Orange Flowers boiled with roasted alum and used as a light-orange dye for leather, wool and basketry. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 84 |