| Betula nana L. Bog Birch USDA BENA |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Fuel Used as tinder, even when wet, and for cooking fires for lack of larger wood. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184 |
| Betula nana L. Bog Birch USDA BENA |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Fuel Used as tinder, even when wet, and for cooking fires for lack of larger wood. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184 |
| Betula nana L. Bog Birch USDA BENA |
Eskimo, Western Drug, Analgesic Compound decoction of leaves taken for stomachache and intestinal discomfort. Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 5 |
| Betula nana L. Bog Birch USDA BENA |
Eskimo, Western Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Compound decoction of leaves taken for stomachache and intestinal discomfort. Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 5 |
| Betula nigra L. River Birch USDA BENI |
Cherokee Drug, Antidiarrheal Leaves chewed or infusion taken for dysentery. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25 |
| Betula nigra L. River Birch USDA BENI |
Cherokee Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion taken for colds. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25 |
| Betula nigra L. River Birch USDA BENI |
Cherokee Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of bark taken for the stomach. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25 |
| Betula nigra L. River Birch USDA BENI |
Cherokee Drug, Urinary Aid Decoction of inner bark taken for difficult urination with discharge. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15 |
| Betula nigra L. River Birch USDA BENI |
Cherokee Drug, Urinary Aid Infusion of bark taken for 'milky urine.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25 |
| Betula nigra L. River Birch USDA BENI |
Chippewa Drug, Analgesic Decoction of bark taken for stomach pain. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 342 |
| Betula nigra L. River Birch USDA BENI |
Chippewa Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of bark taken for stomach pain. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 342 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Blackfoot Drug, Abortifacient Decoction of flowers and leaves taken when bundle to stop conception fails. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 60 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Blackfoot Drug, Abortifacient Flowers and leaves included in two separate bundles and used to stop conception. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 60 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Blackfoot Fiber, Building Material Wands, sharpened at both ends, used to construct the dome shape of the sweat lodge. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 17 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Blackfoot Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make bowls. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 33 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Jemez Dye, Red Bark, mountain mahogany bark and alder bark boiled together and used as red dye to paint moccasins. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Navajo Other, Toys & Games Branch used for the pole in the 'hoop and pole' game. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Okanagan-Colville Dye, Brown Inner bark used to make a brown dye. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Basketry Bark used to make baskets. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Canoe Material Bark used to make canoes. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Furniture Bark used to make cradles. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Fuel Used for fuel. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Paiute Other, Stable Gear Wood used to make a pack saddle with posts at both ends. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 64 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Abnaki Fiber, Basketry Bark used to make baskets. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 156 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Abnaki Fiber, Canoe Material Bark used to make canoes. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Abnaki Other, Containers Bark used to wrap and store wood for a year. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Dermatological Aid Bark powder used for diaper rash and other skin rashes. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 152 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Pediatric Aid Bark powder used for diaper rash and other skin rashes. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 152 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Algonquin, Quebec Food, Sauce & Relish Sap used to make syrup. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 80 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Fiber, Basketry Bark used to make baskets and containers. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Fiber, Building Material Plant used to make houses, tents and shelters. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Fiber, Canoe Material Bark used to make canoes. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Other, Containers Bark used to make canoes, baskets and containers. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Other, Designs Bark folded, edges chewed and resulting design transferred to baskets and moccasins. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 119 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Anticosti Fiber, Snow Gear Used to make snowshoes. Rousseau, Jacques, 1946, Notes Sur L'ethnobotanique D'anticosti, Archives de Folklore 1:60-71, page 65 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Bella Coola Fiber, Basketry Bark occasionally used to make baskets. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Bella Coola Fiber, Canoe Material Bark occasionally used to make canoes. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Blackfoot Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make bowls. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 33 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Carrier Fiber, Basketry Inner bark used to make baskets. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Carrier Fiber, Canoe Material Wood used to make canoes. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Carrier Fiber, Sewing Material Roots used with spruce roots to sew things together. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Carrier Fiber, Snow Gear Wood used to make toboggans. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Carrier Other, Cooking Tools Inner bark made into dishes and used for processing fish, picking berries and to eat with. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Chippewa Drug, Cathartic Infusion of inner bark used as an enema. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Chippewa Dye, Red Inner bark boiled, cedar ashes added and used to make a red dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 370 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Chippewa Fiber, Building Material Used as coverings for dwellings. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Chippewa Other, Cooking Tools Used for utensils. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Chippewa Other, Designs Used as patterns for work in decorative art. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Burn Dressing Poultice of outer bark used to bandage a burn. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of inner bark used as a wash for skin rashes and other skin sores. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |