| Malus pumila P. Mill. Cultivated Apple USDA MAPU |
Iroquois Food, Sauce & Relish Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 129 |
| Malus pumila P. Mill. Cultivated Apple USDA MAPU |
Mohegan Other, Water Indicator Crotched sticks used to locate underground water. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 87 |
| Malus pumila P. Mill. Cultivated Apple USDA MAPU |
Navajo Dye, Red-Yellow Bark used to make a red yellow dye. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 55 |
| Malus pumila P. Mill. Cultivated Apple USDA MAPU |
Oweekeno Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 110 |
| Malva sp. Mallow |
Cahuilla Food, Unspecified Seeds eaten fresh. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 88 |
| Marrubium vulgare L. Horehound USDA MAVU |
Cahuilla Drug, Kidney Aid Infusion of whole plant used for flushing the kidneys. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 88 |
| Matricaria discoidea DC. Disc Mayweed USDA MADI6 |
Cahuilla Drug, Antidiarrheal Infusion of plant used for diarrhea. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 88 |
| Matricaria discoidea DC. Disc Mayweed USDA MADI6 |
Cahuilla Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of plant used for colic and to settle upset stomachs. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 88 |
| Medicago polymorpha L. Burclover USDA MEPO3 |
Cahuilla Food, Porridge Parched, ground seeds used to make mush. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 88 |
| Medicago sativa L. Alfalfa USDA MESAS |
Costanoan Drug, Ear Medicine Poultice of heated leaves applied to the ear for earaches. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 19 |
| Medicago sativa L. Alfalfa USDA MESAS |
Keres, Western Other, Unspecified Taxon known and named but no use was specified. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 53 |
| Medicago sativa L. Alfalfa USDA MESAS |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Fodder Plant cultivated, harvested, dried, stacked or stored in hogans and fed to livestock in winter. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 32 |
| Medicago sativa L. Alfalfa USDA MESAS |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Spice Plants placed above and below black tree lichen and camas in cooking pits for the sweet flavor. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105 |
| Medicago sativa L. Alfalfa USDA MESAS |
Shuswap Food, Fodder Used for horse feed. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 64 |
| Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEAL6 |
Cahuilla Food, Porridge Parched seeds ground into flour and used to make mush. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 88 |
| Mentzelia involucrata S. Wats. Whitebract Blazingstar USDA MEINI |
Cahuilla Food, Porridge Parched seeds ground into flour and used to make mush. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 88 |
| Mentzelia oreophila J. Darl. Roughstem Blazingstar USDA MEOR3 |
Cahuilla Food, Porridge Parched seeds ground into flour and used to make mush. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 88 |
| Mentzelia veatchiana Kellogg Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEVE5 |
Cahuilla Food, Porridge Parched seeds ground into flour and used to make mush. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 88 |
| Mimulus glabratus var. jamesii (Torr. & Gray ex Benth.) Gray James' Monkeyflower USDA MIGLJ |
Isleta Food, Vegetable Tender shoots slit and eaten as a salad. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 34 |
| Monarda fistulosa ssp. fistulosa var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern. Mintleaf Beebalm USDA MOFIM2 |
Acoma Food, Spice Leaves ground and mixed with sausage for seasoning. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 34 |
| Monarda fistulosa ssp. fistulosa var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern. Mintleaf Beebalm USDA MOFIM2 |
Laguna Food, Spice Leaves ground and mixed with sausage for seasoning. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 34 |
| Monarda fistulosa ssp. fistulosa var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern. Mintleaf Beebalm USDA MOFIM2 |
Pueblo Food, Dried Food Dried and stored for winter use. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 34 |
| Monarda fistulosa ssp. fistulosa var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern. Mintleaf Beebalm USDA MOFIM2 |
Pueblo Food, Spice Cooked with meats and soups as a flavoring. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 34 |
| Monarda fistulosa ssp. fistulosa var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern. Mintleaf Beebalm USDA MOFIM2 |
Spanish American Food, Dried Food Dried and stored for winter use. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 34 |
| Monarda fistulosa ssp. fistulosa var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern. Mintleaf Beebalm USDA MOFIM2 |
Spanish American Food, Spice Cooked with meats and soups as a flavoring. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 34 |
| Monarda pectinata Nutt. Pony Beebalm USDA MOPE |
Acoma Food, Spice Leaves ground and mixed with sausage for seasoning. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 34 |
| Monarda pectinata Nutt. Pony Beebalm USDA MOPE |
Laguna Food, Spice Leaves ground and mixed with sausage for seasoning. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 34 |
| Monardella villosa Benth. Coyote Mint USDA MOVIV |
Cahuilla Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of leaves taken for stomachaches. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 89 |
| Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A.S. Hitchc. Deergrass USDA MURI2 |
Cahuilla Fiber, Basketry Stalks used as the horizontal or foundation around which the coils were wrapped in basketmaking. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 89 |
| Musineon divaricatum var. divaricatum Leafy Wildparsley USDA MUDID |
Blackfoot Food, Unspecified Roots eaten raw. McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278 |
| Musineon divaricatum var. hookeri (Torr. & Gray) Mathias Hooker's Wildparsley USDA MUDIH |
Crow Food, Unspecified Fleshy root used for food. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 16 |
| Nepeta cataria L. Catnip USDA NECA2 |
Iroquois Drug, Oral Aid Flowers and roots used for excess saliva. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 58 |
| Nicotiana clevelandii Gray Cleveland's Tobacco USDA NICL |
Cahuilla Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of leaves applied to cuts, bruises, swellings and other wounds. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana clevelandii Gray Cleveland's Tobacco USDA NICL |
Cahuilla Drug, Ear Medicine Leaf smoke blown into the ear and covered with a warm pad for earaches. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana clevelandii Gray Cleveland's Tobacco USDA NICL |
Cahuilla Drug, Emetic Infusion of leaves used as an emetic. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana clevelandii Gray Cleveland's Tobacco USDA NICL |
Cahuilla Drug, Hunting Medicine Leaves smoked as part of a hunting ritual. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana clevelandii Gray Cleveland's Tobacco USDA NICL |
Cahuilla Food, Beverage Leaves chewed, smoked or used in a drinkable decoction. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana clevelandii Gray Cleveland's Tobacco USDA NICL |
Cahuilla Other, Ceremonial Items Used as an integral part of every ritual. Before a ritual was conducted, tobacco was smoked by the ritual leaders and shamans and the smoke was blown in the sacred directions: north, east, west, south and up or center. This helped to clear the area of any malevolent force which might interfere with the ritual. Throughout ceremonies, especially those honoring the recent dead, everyone was obliged to smoke tobacco, as they are even today. At funerals, smoking served to concentrate power that would aid the dead in their arduous journey to the other world. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana clevelandii Gray Cleveland's Tobacco USDA NICL |
Cahuilla Other, Ceremonial Items Used by shamans to control rain, increase crop production, divining and improve health of community. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana clevelandii Gray Cleveland's Tobacco USDA NICL |
Cahuilla Other, Ceremonial Items Used by shamans, at community gatherings, to drive away malevolent powers. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana clevelandii Gray Cleveland's Tobacco USDA NICL |
Cahuilla Other, Protection Leaves smoked by travelers to clear away all danger and ensure blessing from spiritual guides. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana clevelandii Gray Cleveland's Tobacco USDA NICL |
Cahuilla Other, Smoke Plant Leaves chewed, smoked or used in a drinkable decoction. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana glauca Graham Tree Tobacco USDA NIGL |
Cahuilla Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of leaves applied to cuts, bruises, swellings and other wounds. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana glauca Graham Tree Tobacco USDA NIGL |
Cahuilla Drug, Ear Medicine Leaf smoke blown into the ear and covered with a warm pad for earaches. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana glauca Graham Tree Tobacco USDA NIGL |
Cahuilla Drug, Emetic Infusion of leaves used as an emetic. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana glauca Graham Tree Tobacco USDA NIGL |
Cahuilla Drug, Hunting Medicine Leaves smoked as part of a hunting ritual. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana glauca Graham Tree Tobacco USDA NIGL |
Cahuilla Food, Beverage Leaves chewed, smoked or used in a drinkable decoction. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana glauca Graham Tree Tobacco USDA NIGL |
Cahuilla Other, Ceremonial Items Used as an integral part of every ritual. Before a ritual was conducted, tobacco was smoked by the ritual leaders and shamans and the smoke was blown in the sacred directions: north, east, west, south and up or center. This helped to clear the area of any malevolent force which might interfere with the ritual. Throughout ceremonies, especially those honoring the recent dead, everyone was obliged to smoke tobacco, as they are even today. At funerals, smoking served to concentrate power that would aid the dead in their arduous journey to the other world. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana glauca Graham Tree Tobacco USDA NIGL |
Cahuilla Other, Ceremonial Items Used by shamans to control rain, increase crop production, divining and improve health of community. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana glauca Graham Tree Tobacco USDA NIGL |
Cahuilla Other, Ceremonial Items Used by shamans, at community gatherings, to drive away malevolent powers. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |