| Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. Grand Fir USDA ABGRG |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Pitch taken for ulcers. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23 |
| Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. Grand Fir USDA ABGRG |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Gland Medicine Pitch mixed with deer marrow and applied externally each evening for goiter. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23 |
| Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. Grand Fir USDA ABGRG |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Other Branch tips chewed for allergies caused by water hemlock. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23 |
| Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. Grand Fir USDA ABGRG |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Strengthener Pitch taken for a general feeling of weakness. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23 |
| Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. Grand Fir USDA ABGRG |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Pitch taken for consumption. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23 |
| Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. Grand Fir USDA ABGRG |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Boughs used as a bedding base in the sweathouse. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 23 |
| Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. Grand Fir USDA ABGRG |
Okanagon Drug, Cathartic Decoction of bark and gum taken as a physic. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41 |
| Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. Grand Fir USDA ABGRG |
Saanich Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch made into a salve and used for cuts and bruises. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 69 |
| Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. Grand Fir USDA ABGRG |
Saanich Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch mixed with venison suet and used for psoriasis and other skin diseases. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 69 |
| Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. Grand Fir USDA ABGRG |
Salish, Coast Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of pounded root bark used for falling hair and dandruff. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 69 |
| Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. Grand Fir USDA ABGRG |
Thompson Drug, Cathartic Decoction of bark and gum taken as a physic. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 462 |
| Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. Grand Fir USDA ABGRG |
Thompson Drug, Eye Medicine Decoction of bark used as a wash for sore eyes and gum used in corners of eyes. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 462 |
| Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. Grand Fir USDA ABGRG |
Thompson Drug, Panacea Pitch taken for any type of bad disease. If too much balsam pitch were taken, it could make one stout. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97 |
| Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. Grand Fir USDA ABGRG |
Thompson Drug, Unspecified Decoction of branches taken as medicine. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97 |
| Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. Grand Fir USDA ABGRG |
Thompson Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Boughs used as bedding and temporary floor coverings and changed every two to three days. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97 |
| Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. Grand Fir USDA ABGRG |
Thompson Other, Incense & Fragrance Boiled boughs mixed with decoctions of other plants and deer grease and used to perfume the hair. The boiled boughs were mixed with decoctions of leaves from a broad leafed plant from the Okanagan, sweet grass from the Thompson River and deer grease and then used to perfume the hair. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Analgesic Needle smudge smoke inhaled for headaches. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 79 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant burned as ceremonial incense. McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 273 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Cold Remedy Poultice of leaves applied for chest colds. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 17 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Cold Remedy Poultice of plant applied for chest colds. McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 273 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Dermatological Aid Gummy secretions used on wounds as an antiseptic. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 17 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of needles mixed with grease and applied as a hair tonic. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Dermatological Aid Leaves mixed with grease and used as hairdressing. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 17 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Dermatological Aid Needles packed into moccasins as a foot deodorant. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Dermatological Aid Needles used as a deodorant. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Emetic Infusion of resin taken as an emetic to clean the insides. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 65 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Febrifuge Poultice of leaves applied for fevers. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 17 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Febrifuge Poultice of plant applied for fevers. McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 273 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Oral Aid Resin chewed for bad breath and pleasure. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Pulmonary Aid Gummy secretions taken for lung troubles. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 17 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Stimulant Needle smudge smoke inhaled for fainting. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 79 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of needles taken for coughing up blood, a sign of tuberculosis. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 70 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Needle smudge used to fumigate the patient with tuberculosis. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 70 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Venereal Aid Needle smudge used to fumigate those faces that were swollen from a form of venereal disease. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 69 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Veterinary Aid Ground needles used in horse medicine bundles. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 17 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Veterinary Aid Infusion of bark given to horses for diarrhea. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 87 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Veterinary Aid Little bags of needles tied on a belt and hung around the horse's neck as a perfume. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 87 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Veterinary Aid Needle smudge used to fumigate sick horses. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 87 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Food, Candy Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection. The confection was an aid to digestion as well as a delicacy. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Food, Candy Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Food, Candy Cones pulverized into a fine powder, mixed with backfat and marrow and eaten as a confection. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Food, Candy Resin chewed for bad breath and pleasure. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Other, Ceremonial Items Chewed needles sprayed over the Horn ceremonial containers to purify them. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Other, Ceremonial Items Needle incense used for transfer ceremonies of Black Spring tipi design & Bear Medicine Hat bundle. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Other, Incense & Fragrance Leaves used as perfume. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 17 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Other, Incense & Fragrance Leaves used in buckskin bags for delightful odor & mixed with grease to add fragrance to hair oil. McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Other, Incense & Fragrance Needles packed with stored items, saddle pads or burned in a household smudge. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Other, Incense & Fragrance Used for incense, primarily in association with the Medicine Pipe bundles. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Other, Paint Needles mixed with dry paint to make it smell better. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Other, Protection Needle smudge used for safety's sake during severe thunderstorms. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36 |