| Dirca palustris L. Eastern Leatherwood USDA DIPA9 |
Iroquois Drug, Emetic Infusion of bark and wood used as an emetic to remove yellow from the stomach. The yellow in the stomach was a sickness brought by the Europeans. As they introduced tea, butter and tobacco, the yellow accumulated in the stomach and couldn't be evacuated. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 50 |
| Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia Fleabane USDA ERPHP |
Ojibwa Other, Smoke Plant Plant used in the smoking tobacco or kinnikinnick mixture. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 398 |
| Eriogonum inflatum Torr. & Fr‚m. Native American Pipeweed USDA ERINI4 |
Yavapai Other, Smoking Tools Dried stem used as tobacco pipe if pottery pipe lacking, burned with tobacco. Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 263 |
| Eriogonum jamesii Benth. James' Buckwheat USDA ERJAJ |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Psychological Aid Plant smoked when disturbed by dreaming of tobacco worms. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 19 |
| Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill. Sweet Fennel USDA FOVU |
Hopi Other, Smoke Plant Plant used as a substitute for tobacco. Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 20 |
| Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill. Sweet Fennel USDA FOVU |
Hopi Other, Smoke Plant Plant used as a substitute for tobacco. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 86, 87 |
| Fomes igniarius (L. ex Fries) Kickx Shelf Fungus |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Insecticide Plant added to tobacco as a mosquito repellent. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 187 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Psychological Aid Dried leaves mixed with mountain tobacco and smoked to 'clear the mind if lost.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39 |
| Fraxinus latifolia Benth. Oregon Ash USDA FRLA |
Yuki Other, Smoking Tools Used to make tobacco pipes. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378 |
| Gaultheria procumbens L. Eastern Teaberry USDA GAPR2 |
Cherokee Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves used as a substitute for chewing tobacco. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61 |
| Geum triflorum Pursh Prairiesmoke USDA GETRT |
Blackfoot Drug, Respiratory Aid Scraped roots mixed with tobacco and smoked to 'clear the head.' Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 79 |
| Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv. Vanillagrass USDA HIALA |
Blackfoot Other, Ceremonial Items Leaves ceremonially smoked with tobacco. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 28 |
| Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv. Vanillagrass USDA HIALA |
Sioux Other, Ceremonial Items Leaves ceremonially smoked with tobacco. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 28 |
| Iris missouriensis Nutt. Rocky Mountain Iris USDA IRMI |
Klamath Drug, Emetic Dried rootstocks used by medicine men as smoking material to cause nausea. Dried rootstocks are sometimes used by medicine men as a smoking material, mixed with poison camas and a little tobacco, to give a person a severe nausea, in order to secure a heavy fee for making him well again. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 93 |
| Juniperus communis var. montana Ait. Common Juniper USDA JUCOM2 |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Smoke Plant Dried fruits added to flavor tobacco. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Larrea tridentata var. tridentata Creosotebush USDA LATRT |
Papago Other, Protection Branches stuck in the ground to shade tobacco plants. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 37 |
| Ligusticum canbyi (Coult. & Rose) Coult. & Rose Canby's Licoriceroot USDA LICA2 |
Crow Other, Smoke Plant Root shavings added to tobacco and kinnikinnick and smoked. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 24 |
| Ligusticum canbyi (Coult. & Rose) Coult. & Rose Canby's Licoriceroot USDA LICA2 |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Smoke Plant Roots mixed with tobacco or rolled in cigarettes to give the smoke a pleasant menthol taste. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 64 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Meskwaki Other, Ceremonial Items Ceremonial 'tobacco' not smoked, but used to ward off storms and strewn onto graves. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 273 |
| Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco USDA LOIN |
Cherokee Drug, Analgesic Poultice of root used for body aches and leaves rubbed on aches and stiff neck. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40 |
| Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco USDA LOIN |
Cherokee Drug, Dermatological Aid Used for bites and stings and roots and leaves used on boils and sores. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40 |
| Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco USDA LOIN |
Cherokee Drug, Emetic Plant used as a strong emetic. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40 |
| Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco USDA LOIN |
Cherokee Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Tincture in small doses prevented colics. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40 |
| Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco USDA LOIN |
Cherokee Drug, Orthopedic Aid Poultice of root used for body aches and leaves rubbed on aches and stiff neck. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40 |
| Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco USDA LOIN |
Cherokee Drug, Other Smoked 'to break tobacco habit.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40 |
| Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco USDA LOIN |
Cherokee Drug, Pulmonary Aid Given for croup and tincture in small doses prevented croup. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40 |
| Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco USDA LOIN |
Cherokee Drug, Respiratory Aid Plant taken for 'asthma and phthisic.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40 |
| Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco USDA LOIN |
Cherokee Drug, Throat Aid Chewed for sore throat. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40 |
| Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco USDA LOIN |
Cherokee Other, Insecticide Used to smoke out gnats. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40 |
| Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco USDA LOIN |
Crow Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Used in religious ceremonies. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 14, 15 |
| Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco USDA LOIN |
Iroquois Drug, Cathartic Cold infusion of whole plant taken as a physic. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 455 |
| Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco USDA LOIN |
Iroquois Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of roots or leaves used as a wash or poultice on abscesses or sores. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 454 |
| Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco USDA LOIN |
Iroquois Drug, Emetic Cold infusion of whole plant taken as an emetic. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 455 |
| Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco USDA LOIN |
Iroquois Drug, Emetic Infusion of plant taken to vomit and cure tobacco or whiskey habit. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 454 |
| Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco USDA LOIN |
Iroquois Drug, Love Medicine Infusion of plant taken as a love or anti-love medicine. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 454 |
| Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco USDA LOIN |
Iroquois Drug, Other Cold infusion of whole plant used as a divining agent. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 455 |
| Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco USDA LOIN |
Iroquois Drug, Psychological Aid Infusion of plant taken to vomit and cure tobacco or whiskey habit. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 454 |
| Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco USDA LOIN |
Iroquois Drug, Venereal Aid Infusion of smashed roots used as wash and poultice for venereal disease sores. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 454 |
| Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco USDA LOIN |
Iroquois Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Decoction of plant taken to counteract sickness produced by witchcraft. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 454 |
| Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance Fernleaf Buscuitroot USDA LODID2 |
Nez Perce Drug, Respiratory Aid Roots mixed with tobacco and smoked for sinus trouble. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 26 |
| Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance Fernleaf Buscuitroot USDA LODID2 |
Paiute, Northern Drug, Analgesic Roots mixed with tobacco and smoked for headaches. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 129 |
| Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance Fernleaf Buscuitroot USDA LODID2 |
Paiute, Northern Drug, Cold Remedy Roots mixed with tobacco and smoked for colds. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 129 |
| Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEAL6 |
Hopi Other, Smoke Plant Plant used as substitute for tobacco. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 335 |
| Mentzelia pumila Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray Dwarf Mentzelia USDA MEPUP |
Hopi Other, Smoke Plant Plant used as a substitute for tobacco. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 85 |
| Mirabilis multiflora (Torr.) Gray Colorado Four O'clock USDA MIMUM |
Keres, Western Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves used as tobacco. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 54 |
| Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM. Heartleaf Four O'clock USDA MINY |
Keres, Western Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used as tobacco. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25 |
| Morella cerifera (L.) Small Southern Bayberry USDA MOCE2 |
Seminole Other, Smoke Plant Plant used as a tobacco substitute. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 480 |
| Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats. Coyote Tobacco USDA NIAT |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant smoked in the medicine ceremonies. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158 |
| Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats. Coyote Tobacco USDA NIAT |
Blackfoot Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used for smoking. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 52 |
| Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats. Coyote Tobacco USDA NIAT |
Coahuilla Other, Smoke Plant Leaves pounded, mixed with water, chewed and used as a smoking material. Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 74 |