| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Cahuilla Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of leaves applied to cuts, bruises, swellings and other wounds. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Cahuilla Drug, Ear Medicine Leaf smoke blown into the ear and covered with a warm pad for earaches. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Cahuilla Drug, Emetic Infusion of leaves used as an emetic. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Cahuilla Drug, Hunting Medicine Leaves smoked as part of a hunting ritual. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Cahuilla Food, Beverage Leaves chewed, smoked or used in a drinkable decoction. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Cahuilla Other, Ceremonial Items Used as an integral part of every ritual. Before a ritual was conducted, tobacco was smoked by the ritual leaders and shamans and the smoke was blown in the sacred directions: north, east, west, south and up or center. This helped to clear the area of any malevolent force which might interfere with the ritual. Throughout ceremonies, especially those honoring the recent dead, everyone was obliged to smoke tobacco, as they are even today. At funerals, smoking served to concentrate power that would aid the dead in their arduous journey to the other world. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Cahuilla Other, Ceremonial Items Used by shamans to control rain, increase crop production, divining and improve health of community. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Cahuilla Other, Ceremonial Items Used by shamans, at community gatherings, to drive away malevolent powers. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Cahuilla Other, Protection Leaves smoked by travelers to clear away all danger and ensure blessing from spiritual guides. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Cahuilla Other, Smoke Plant Leaves chewed, smoked or used in a drinkable decoction. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Havasupai Other, Smoke Plant Leaves smoked for pleasure. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 240 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Havasupai Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used for smoking. Spier, Leslie, 1928, Havasupai Ethnography, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 29(3):101-123, 284-285, page 105 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Plant smoked in pipes for ceremonial purposes only. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 90 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Hopi Other, Smoke Plant Used for smoking. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 109 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Hualapai Other, Smoke Plant Used to smoke in ceremonials. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 54 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Mohave Other, Smoke Plant Wild tobacco smoked. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 120 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Papago Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried and smoked. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 27 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Papago Other, Smoke Plant Leaves half or fully dried and smoked. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 36 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Papago Other, Smoke Plant Used for smoking. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 108 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Pima Other, Smoke Plant Used for smoking. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 108 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Yuma Other, Smoke Plant Wild tobacco smoked. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 120 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. palmeri (Gray) Kartesz Palmer's Tobacco USDA NIOBP |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Used for filling ceremonial prayersticks. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 75 |
| Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viviani Tex-mex Tobacco USDA NIPL2 |
Neeshenam Other, Smoke Plant Leaves sun dried, finely cut and smoked. Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 378 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Blackfoot Other, Ceremonial Items Leaves mixed with kinnikinnick, dried cambium or red osier dogwood & used in all religious bundles. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Blackfoot Other, Ceremonial Items Plants planted, harvested ceremonially and smoked as an important part of every ritual. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Blackfoot Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used for ritual smoking. Ritual smoking was begun by an orderly, who filled the pipe and passed it, unlit, to the man sitting next to the officiating ceremonialist. This man had the favored position because of his wealth in bundle ownership. He drew on the unlit pipe four times and then passed it back to the orderly, who lit the pipe and gave it to the man next to the distinguished bundle owner. This man drew on the pipe four times (not inhaling) and blew the smoke upward. Then the pipe was passed sunwise (clockwise) to each participant until it reached the door of the tipi, whence it was returned to the orderly. The pipe was not passed across the door to the other side of the lodge, where women and children were seated. If the pipe went out during the smoke, it was given to the orderly, who cleaned and refilled it. The manner in which the participant received the pipe varied according to bundle ownership. Thus, a Medicine Pipe bundle owner would grasp the pipe roughly with both hands half clenched, imitating the actions of a bear. A ceremony in which smoking had special significance was the Big Smoke, or All Smoking, ceremony. This ceremony was confined to ceremonialists, diviners, and bundle owners. They gathered for the single purpose of recounting their prestigious and wealthy positions in the tribe. The Big Smoke commenced at sundown and continued until day break, and there was continuous use of many pipes. Four songs were allowed to be sung for each bundle owned; participants would often qualify for sixteen songs or more. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Dakota Other, Smoke Plant Plant cultivated and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Montana Indian Other, Smoke Plant Used in compound for smoking and the delicate tobacco from flower was never chewed. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 16 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Omaha Other, Smoke Plant Plant cultivated and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Omaha Other, Smoke Plant Plant preferred for smoking because of the mild quality. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 331 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Pawnee Other, Smoke Plant Plant cultivated and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Ponca Other, Smoke Plant Plant cultivated and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Tsimshian Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used for smoking. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 350 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Winnebago Other, Smoke Plant Plant cultivated and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Costanoan Drug, Cathartic Leaves smoked as a general purgative in social and ritual contexts. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Costanoan Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Leaves smoked as a general purgative in social and ritual contexts. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Costanoan Drug, Ear Medicine Plant smoke blown into the ear for earaches. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Costanoan Drug, Emetic Fresh leaves chewed as an emetic. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Karok Drug, Unspecified Used for medicine. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 209 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Karok Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried, powdered and smoked. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Analgesic Chewed plant put in the nostril for headaches. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Analgesic Poultice of plant applied to the chest for internal pains. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of plant applied to bleeding cuts. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of plant applied to itchy bites. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Ear Medicine Chewed plant put in the ear for earaches. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Emetic Plant eaten to cause vomiting. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Emetic Plant induced vomiting. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Plant eaten to clean out the stomach. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Gynecological Aid Poultice of plant applied to woman's stomach during parturition. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Hallucinogen Plant eaten to cause dreams. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |