| Nicotiana tabacum L. Cultivated Tobacco USDA NITA |
Thompson Other, Ceremonial Items Plant used as an offering in the sweat house. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 288 |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. Cultivated Tobacco USDA NITA |
Tsimshian Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used for chewing. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 350 |
| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh Whitest Eveningprimrose USDA OEAL |
Hopi Other, Smoke Plant Plant used for tobacco. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 336 |
| Oenothera caespitosa ssp. marginata (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) Munz Tufted Eveningprimrose USDA OECAM4 |
Hopi Other, Smoke Plant Plant used as substitute for tobacco. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 337 |
| Oenothera coronopifolia Torr. & Gray Crownleaf Eveningprimrose USDA OECO2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Adjuvant Dried leaves added to improve the flavor of wild tobacco. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Oenothera villosa ssp. strigosa (Rydb.) W. Dietr. & Raven Hairy Eveningprimrose USDA OEVIS |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Hunting Medicine Dried leaves and tobacco smoked for good luck in hunting. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38 |
| Oplopanax horridus Miq. Devilsclub USDA OPHO |
Cheyenne Drug, Analgesic Root mixed with tobacco and smoked for headache. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12 |
| Oplopanax horridus Miq. Devilsclub USDA OPHO |
Crow Drug, Analgesic Root mixed with tobacco and smoked for headache. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12 |
| Opuntia sp. Prickly Pear |
Papago Other, Protection Used between fence posts to protect tobacco plants from marauding animals. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 37 |
| Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot USDA PEFRF |
Eskimo, Alaska Other, Smoke Plant Dried, burned leaves added to chewing tobacco for flavoring. Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38 |
| Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot USDA PEFRF |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Smoke Plant Dried, burned plant ashes added to chewing tobacco. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 189 |
| Petasites frigidus var. nivalis (Greene) Cronq. Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot USDA PEFRN |
Eskimo, Alaska Other, Smoke Plant Dried, burned leaves added to chewing tobacco for flavoring. Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38 |
| Philadelphus lewisii Pursh Gordon's Mockorange USDA PHLE4 |
Karok Other, Smoking Tools Twigs, with the pithy center removed, used to make tobacco pipes. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 384 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Apache, White Mountain Other, Smoke Plant Reeds filled with tobacco and used as a cigarette. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Cocopa Other, Smoking Tools Tubular internodes used to smoke tobacco. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 122 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Maricopa Other, Smoking Tools Tubular internodes used to smoke tobacco. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 122 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Reeds used to make prayersticks for the Mountain Chant Ceremony. The reeds were first rubbed with a polishing stone to remove the silicious surface in order that the paint might adhere well. The reeds were then rubbed with finely powdered tobacco or sometimes with snakeweed. Afterwards the reed was cut into four pieces (or ten pieces for the second ceremony). When this was finished, the sticks were colored and yucca inserted to serve as handles. The sections were then filled with some kind of tobacco. These had to be kept in order. The section growing nearest the ground was segment number one, the next number two and so on. It was also important that the side of the reed growing toward the east be indicated, so the painting would be done on the side having that exposure. This made it more potent. Fifty-two prayer sticks were made for the evening of the third day of the Night Chant. Of these, four were made of sections of reed, twelve of mountain mahogany, twelve of russian olive, twelve of sierra juniper and twelve of cherry. The first people, according to the Navajo, were supposed to have come up to this earth on a reed. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 26 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Yuma Other, Smoking Tools Tubular stalk internodes used to smoke tobacco. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 122 |
| Picrothamnus desertorum Nutt. Bud Sagebrush USDA PIDE4 |
Paiute Drug, Dermatological Aid Mashed, green leaves mixed with tobacco and used as a salve for sores or bruises. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 43, 44 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Flathead Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of sap, red axle grease and Climax chewing tobacco used for boils. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 52 |
| Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl. California Foothill Pine USDA PISA2 |
Kawaiisu Other, Smoke Plant Seeds put into the liquid used to moisten dry tobacco meal and shaped into plugs. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 52 |
| Populus balsamifera L. Balsam Poplar USDA POBAB2 |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Smoke Plant Leaf galls used with or as tobacco. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Populus balsamifera L. Balsam Poplar USDA POBAB2 |
Tanana, Upper Other, Smoke Plant Wood ashes mixed with tobacco and smoked. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 4 |
| Populus tremuloides Michx. Quaking Aspen USDA POTR5 |
Tanana, Upper Other, Smoke Plant Wood ashes mixed with tobacco and used for chewing tobacco. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5 |
| Prosopis velutina Woot. Velvet Mesquite USDA PRVE |
Papago Other, Protection Posts used to make a fence to protect tobacco plants from marauding animals. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 37 |
| Prunus americana Marsh. American Plum USDA PRAM |
Dakota Other, Ceremonial Items Sprout or young growth made into a wand and used ceremonially. The sprout or young growth was made into a wand by peeling it and painting it with emblematic colors and designs. An offering which consisted of tobacco or anything acceptable to higher powers was attached to the top of the wand and usually made for the benefit of the sick. The offering could be made anywhere and by anyone as long as it was executed with appropriate ceremony, but was most efficiently performed if an altar were prepared at which the wand was placed upright with the offering fastened near the top. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87 |
| Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr. Western Chokecherry USDA PRVID |
Paiute, Northern Other, Smoke Plant Berries mashed, made into little cakes, dried and used like chewing tobacco. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49 |
| Pseudognaphalium californicum (DC.) A. Anderb. Ladies' Tobacco USDA PSCA13 |
Costanoan Drug, Analgesic Infusion of plant taken for stomach pain. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 26 |
| Pseudognaphalium californicum (DC.) A. Anderb. Ladies' Tobacco USDA PSCA13 |
Costanoan Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of plant taken for colds. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 26 |
| Pseudognaphalium californicum (DC.) A. Anderb. Ladies' Tobacco USDA PSCA13 |
Costanoan Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of plant taken for stomach pain. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 26 |
| Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium Rabbit Tobacco USDA PSOBO |
Alabama Drug, Sedative Compound decoction of plant used many ways for nervousness or sleeplessness. Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 663664 |
| Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium Rabbit Tobacco USDA PSOBO |
Alabama Drug, Sedative Decoction of plant used as a face wash for nerves and insomnia. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 61 |
| Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium Rabbit Tobacco USDA PSOBO |
Cherokee Drug, Analgesic Compound used for local pains, muscular cramps and twitching. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 51, 52 |
| Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium Rabbit Tobacco USDA PSOBO |
Cherokee Drug, Analgesic Infusion of plant rubbed into scratches made over muscle cramp pain. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 61 |
| Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium Rabbit Tobacco USDA PSOBO |
Cherokee Drug, Antirheumatic (Internal) Used with Carolina vetch for rheumatism. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 51, 52 |
| Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium Rabbit Tobacco USDA PSOBO |
Cherokee Drug, Cold Remedy Decoction taken for colds. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 51, 52 |
| Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium Rabbit Tobacco USDA PSOBO |
Cherokee Drug, Cough Medicine Used as a cough syrup. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 51, 52 |
| Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium Rabbit Tobacco USDA PSOBO |
Cherokee Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Used in a sweatbath for various diseases. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 51, 52 |
| Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium Rabbit Tobacco USDA PSOBO |
Cherokee Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Warm liquid blown down throat for clogged throat (diphtheria). Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 51, 52 |
| Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium Rabbit Tobacco USDA PSOBO |
Cherokee Drug, Oral Aid Chewed for sore mouth. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 51, 52 |
| Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium Rabbit Tobacco USDA PSOBO |
Cherokee Drug, Orthopedic Aid Compound used for muscular cramps and twitching. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 51, 52 |
| Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium Rabbit Tobacco USDA PSOBO |
Cherokee Drug, Orthopedic Aid Infusion of plant rubbed into scratches made over muscle cramp pain. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 61 |
| Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium Rabbit Tobacco USDA PSOBO |
Cherokee Drug, Respiratory Aid Smoked for asthma. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 51, 52 |
| Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium Rabbit Tobacco USDA PSOBO |
Cherokee Drug, Throat Aid Chewed for sore throat. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 51, 52 |
| Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium Rabbit Tobacco USDA PSOBO |
Choctaw Drug, Analgesic Decoction of leaves and blossoms taken for lung pain. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 61 |
| Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium Rabbit Tobacco USDA PSOBO |
Choctaw Drug, Analgesic Decoction of leaves and blossoms taken for lung pain. Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 24 |
| Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium Rabbit Tobacco USDA PSOBO |
Choctaw Drug, Cold Remedy Decoction of leaves and blossoms taken for colds. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 61 |
| Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium Rabbit Tobacco USDA PSOBO |
Choctaw Drug, Cold Remedy Decoction of leaves and blossoms taken for colds. Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 24 |
| Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium Rabbit Tobacco USDA PSOBO |
Choctaw Drug, Pulmonary Aid Decoction of leaves and blossoms taken for lung pain. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 61 |
| Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium Rabbit Tobacco USDA PSOBO |
Choctaw Drug, Pulmonary Aid Decoction of leaves and blossoms taken for lung pain. Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 24 |