| Salix alaxensis (Anderss.) Coville Feltleaf Willow USDA SAALA |
Eskimo, Alaska Other, Smoke Plant Plant gathered in late summer, burned to ashes and added to chewing tobacco. Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34 |
| Salix bonplandiana Kunth Red Willow USDA SABO |
Kawaiisu Other, Smoking Tools Twigs with leaves used as 'wrappers' to hold tobacco. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61 |
| Salix exigua Nutt. Sandbar Willow USDA SAEX |
Kawaiisu Other, Smoking Tools Twigs with leaves used as 'wrappers' to hold tobacco. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 61 |
| Salix lasiolepis Benth. Arroyo Willow USDA SALAL2 |
Mendocino Indian Other, Smoke Plant Inner bark portions dried, powdered and used as substitutes for chewing tobacco. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 331 |
| Salix lucida Muhl. Shining Willow USDA SALUL2 |
Montagnais Other, Smoke Plant Dried bark smoked as a substitute for tobacco. Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 315 |
| Salix sp. |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves added to tobacco in place of shelf fungus. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 182 |
| Salix sp. |
Micmac Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used as tobacco. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli Blue Elderberry USDA SANIC5 |
Kawaiisu Other, Smoking Tools Wood section hollowed out and used as a tobacco container. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 62 |
| Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. Greasewood USDA SAVE4 |
Cheyenne Other, Smoking Tools Small sticks wrapped with buffalo hair and used as a tamper for tobacco pipes. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 17 |
| Silene menziesii Hook. Menzies' Campion USDA SIMED |
Gosiute Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves powdered and formerly used to smoke as a tobacco. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 381 |
| Solidago canadensis L. Canada Goldenrod USDA SOCAC3 |
Navajo, Kayenta Other, Smoke Plant Roots smoked with other tobaccos. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 50 |
| Symphyotrichum puniceum var. puniceum Purplestem Aster USDA SYPUP |
Chippewa Drug, Hunting Medicine Root tendrils smoked with tobacco as a charm to attract game. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376 |
| Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Pacific Yew USDA TABR2 |
Clallam Other, Smoke Plant Needles mixed with tobacco and smoked. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 199 |
| Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Pacific Yew USDA TABR2 |
Karok Other, Smoking Tools Wood used to make tobacco pipes. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 379 |
| Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Pacific Yew USDA TABR2 |
Klallam Other, Smoke Plant Needles dried, pulverized and used in place of tobacco for smoking. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16 |
| Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Pacific Yew USDA TABR2 |
Samish Other, Smoke Plant Needles dried, pulverized and used in place of tobacco for smoking. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16 |
| Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Pacific Yew USDA TABR2 |
Swinomish Other, Smoke Plant Needles dried, pulverized and used in place of tobacco for smoking. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16 |
| Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Av‚-Lall. Purple Meadowrue USDA THDA |
Potawatomi Drug, Love Medicine Seeds mixed with tobacco and smoked when going to call upon a favorite lady friend. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 123 |
| Thamnosma montana Torr. & Fr‚m. Turpentinebroom USDA THMO |
Shoshoni Drug, Cold Remedy Decoction of stems taken or dried stems smoked with tobacco for colds. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 145146 |
| Thymophylla acerosa (DC.) Strother Pricklyleaf Dogweed USDA THAC |
Keres, Western Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco for the flavor. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24 |
| Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene Pacific Poison Oak USDA TODI |
Karok Food, Candy Plant chewed like tobacco, 'just to raise heck.' Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 58 |
| Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. Dwarf Blueberry USDA VACAC3 |
Gosiute Other, Smoke Plant Leaves formerly dried and used as a tobacco. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 384 |
| Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n Northern Mountain Cranberry USDA VAVIM |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used as a tobacco additive or substitute. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 183 |
| Valeriana dioica var. sylvatica S. Wats. Woods Valerian USDA VADIS |
Thompson Drug, Adjuvant Dried, powdered roots and leaves mixed with tobacco as a flavoring. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495 |
| Valeriana sitchensis Bong. Sitka Valerian USDA VASI |
Blackfoot Other, Smoke Plant Leaves sometimes used in the tobacco mixture. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56 |
| Valeriana sitchensis Bong. Sitka Valerian USDA VASI |
Thompson Drug, Adjuvant Dried, powdered roots and leaves mixed with tobacco as a flavoring. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495 |
| Verbascum thapsus L. Common Mullein USDA VETH |
Isleta Other, Ceremonial Items Leaves used as a ceremonial tobacco. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 44 |
| Verbascum thapsus L. Common Mullein USDA VETH |
Isleta Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used as a ceremonial tobacco. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 44 |
| Verbascum thapsus L. Common Mullein USDA VETH |
Menominee Other, Smoke Plant Leaf gathered and smoked as an Indian tobacco. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 53 |
| Vicia faba L. Horsebean USDA VIFA |
Navajo Other, Smoke Plant Crushed leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 59 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Leaves used in mixture for the Night Chant medicine. One part of the Night Chant medicine consists of a mixture of 'blue pollen,' wild plants, and tobacco to which was added the leaves from corn plants gathered in the east, south, west and north corners of the field, squash from the southeast side, bean leaves from the southwest, watermelon leaves from the northwest, and muskmelon leaves from the northeast. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27 |
| Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Wats. Foothill Deathcamas USDA ZIPA2 |
Paiute Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of root, sometimes mixed with tobacco, applied for rheumatism. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 149 |