| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Blackfoot Drug, Analgesic Rootstock ground, mixed with tobacco and smoked inhaled for headaches. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 23 |
| Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill American Green Alder USDA ALVIC |
Eskimo, Alaska Other, Smoke Plant Wood burned to make ashes added to tobacco. Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35 |
| Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng. Slimleaf Burr Ragweed USDA AMTE5 |
Navajo Other, Smoke Plant Herb mixed with tobacco. Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 151 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Blackfoot Other, Cash Crop Dried berries traded for tobacco. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 37 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Blackfoot Other, Ceremonial Items Berries, elk manure and tobacco seed planted in small prairie plot in the Tobacco Planting ceremony. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Cherokee Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves used as a substitute for chewing tobacco. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 48 |
| Angelica atropurpurea L. Purplestem Angelica USDA ANAT |
Delaware, Oklahoma Other, Smoke Plant Seeds sometimes mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 28 |
| Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. Woman's Tobacco USDA ANPL |
Cherokee Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of entire plant given, especially to children, for 'bowel complaint.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50 |
| Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. Woman's Tobacco USDA ANPL |
Cherokee Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion taken for excessive discharge in monthly period. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50 |
| Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. Woman's Tobacco USDA ANPL |
Cherokee Drug, Pediatric Aid Infusion of entire plant given, especially to children, for 'bowel complaint.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50 |
| Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. Woman's Tobacco USDA ANPL |
Iroquois Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion of roots taken for leukorrhea. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 464 |
| Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. Woman's Tobacco USDA ANPL |
Iroquois Drug, Toothache Remedy Decoction of plant used as a mouth wash for toothaches. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 464 |
| Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. Woman's Tobacco USDA ANPL |
Meskwaki Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion of leaves taken after childbirth to prevent sickness. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 210 |
| Antennaria rosea Greene Rosy Pussytoes USDA ANROR |
Blackfoot Other, Smoke Plant Leaves sometimes used in the tobacco mixture. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56 |
| Aquilegia canadensis L. Red Columbine USDA AQCA |
Meskwaki Other, Incense & Fragrance Ripe seeds used to perfume smoking tobacco. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 273 |
| Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw. Eastwood's Manzanita USDA ARGLG3 |
Cahuilla Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40 |
| Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl. Bigberry Manzanita USDA ARGL4 |
Cahuilla Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40 |
| Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat Manzanita USDA ARNE |
Klamath Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102 |
| Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat Manzanita USDA ARNE |
Paiute Other, Smoke Plant Roasted, dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 101 |
| Arctostaphylos patula Greene Greenleaf Manzanita USDA ARPA6 |
Klamath Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102 |
| Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth Pointleaf Manzanita USDA ARPU5 |
Cahuilla Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40 |
| Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth Pointleaf Manzanita USDA ARPU5 |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Good Luck Charm Dried leaves smoked with mountain tobacco to bring good luck. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Blackfoot Other, Ceremonial Items Leaves mixed with tobacco, dried cambium or red osier dogwood and used in all religious bundles. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Blackfoot Other, Smoke Plant Crushed leaves smoked with tobacco. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Blackfoot Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves smoked as tobacco. McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 276 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Blackfoot Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried and mixed with tobacco. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Carrier Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked. Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949. Pages 12, 38., page 12 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Cheyenne Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with skunkbush leaves in the absence of tobacco and smoked. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Cheyenne Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco or red willow and used to smoke in a pipe. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 183 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Clallam Other, Smoke Plant Leaves pulverized and smoked before the introduction of tobacco and presently mixed with tobacco. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 199 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Cree Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked. Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked in a pipe. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 29 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Eskimo, Arctic Other, Smoke Plant Leaves powdered, dried, used as a substitute for tobacco or mixed with the tobacco and smoked. Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 23 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used as an additive to or substitute for tobacco. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Great Basin Indian Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used as one of the elements in the tobacco mixture. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Heiltzuk Other, Smoke Plant Leaves smoked like tobacco. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 239 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Hesquiat Other, Smoke Plant Dried, toasted leaves mixed with tobacco for smoking. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 64 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Jemez Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves smoked as tobacco. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Keresan Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with native-grown tobacco for smoking. White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 559 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Lakota Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used as tobacco. Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 44 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Montana Indian Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Good Luck Charm Dried leaves smoked with mountain tobacco to bring good luck. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Smoke Plant Leaves toasted and used as a tobacco. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 101 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Paiute Other, Smoke Plant Roasted, dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 100 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Pawnee Other, Smoke Plant Leaves smoked like tobacco. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Pawnee Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used for smoking, like tobacco. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Potawatomi Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 118 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Salish, Coast Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried and smoked or mixed with tobacco and smoked. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Shuswap Other, Smoke Plant Leaves roasted until dry, mashed and mixed with tobacco. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 62 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Skagit, Upper Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used as a tobacco substitute. Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42 |