| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Thompson Other, Smoke Plant Dried or toasted leaves alone or mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Too much smoking of these leaves was said to make one dizzy. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 211 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Thompson Other, Smoke Plant Dried, toasted leaves mixed with tobacco for smoking. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495 |
| Arenaria sp. Sandwort |
Shoshoni Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used to make tobacco mixture for smoking. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 61 |
| Artemisia californica Less. California Sagebrush USDA ARCA11 |
Cahuilla Other, Smoke Plant Leaves chewed fresh or dried and smoked after mixing with tobacco and other leaves. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 42 |
| Artemisia douglasiana Bess. Douglas' Sagewort USDA ARDO3 |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves used as tobacco. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 119 |
| Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Louisiana Sagewort USDA ARLUL2 |
Sioux Other, Smoke Plant Plant used in smoking tobacco. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417 |
| Artemisia tilesii Ledeb. Tilesius' Wormwood USDA ARTIT |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Smoke Plant Used as a tobacco quid additive. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 186 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Paiute, Northern Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of ground leaves and tobacco applied to swellings on adults or children. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 128 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Paiute, Northern Drug, Febrifuge Poultice of ground leaves and tobacco applied to children for fevers. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 128 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Paiute, Northern Drug, Pediatric Aid Poultice of ground leaves and tobacco applied to children for fevers. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 128 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Paiute, Northern Drug, Pediatric Aid Poultice of ground leaves and tobacco applied to swellings on adults or children. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 128 |
| Aster sp. Prairie Aster |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Used, with other plants, as the Bead Chant tobacco. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 82 |
| Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf Balsamroot USDA BASA3 |
Blackfoot Other, Incense & Fragrance Roots used as incense during the Planting ceremonies of the Tobacco Society. A horse was encouraged to stand near a smudge of roots. Then a rider leapt on the horse and galloped across the planting grounds, stopping only to deposit small offerings to the Small People. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Other, Sacred Items No birch was gathered by the Ojibwe without due offering of tobacco to Winabojo & Grandmother Earth. Families made a pilgrimage to birch groves during the latter part of June and in July to gather their supply of birch bark, because it peels most easily at that time. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 414 |
| Ceanothus sp. California Lilac |
Paiute Other, Smoke Plant Dried, mashed leaves mixed with tobacco. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 89 |
| Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart. Pipsissewa USDA CHUMC2 |
Blackfoot Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves used as the favorite smoking tobacco. McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277 |
| Chimaphila umbellata ssp. occidentalis (Rydb.) Hult‚n Pipsissewa USDA CHUMO2 |
Blackfoot Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used in the tobacco mixture. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49 |
| Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth Wavyleaf Soapplant USDA CHPOP4 |
Kawaiisu Fiber, Brushes & Brooms Upper fiber ends dipped in starch, tied together and used as brushes. The brush was used in the following ways: (1) to clean out the bedrock mortar hole before tobacco leaves were pounded and to remove the pulverized tobacco afterwards--a usage that probably applied to other materials--(2) to sweep fine meal off the sifting tray; (3) to brush the hair--an old brush must be used for this purpose or 'the hair ends will split'--and (4) when wet, to scrub things clean. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 19 |
| Cicuta maculata L. Spotted Water Hemlock USDA CIMAM |
Chippewa Other, Smoke Plant Seeds mixed with tobacco and smoked. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377 |
| Cleome lutea Hook. Yellow Spiderflower USDA CLLUL |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant used with ceremonial tobacco in some chants. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 25 |
| Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Threeleaf Goldthread USDA COTR2 |
Penobscot Drug, Oral Aid Stems chewed for mouth sores and mouths irritated by tobacco smoking. Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 309 |
| Cornus alternifolia L. f. Alternateleaf Dogwood USDA COAL2 |
Menominee Other, Smoke Plant Plant used for Indian tobacco, known as 'kinnikinnick.' Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 32, 33 |
| Cornus alternifolia L. f. Alternateleaf Dogwood USDA COAL2 |
Menominee Other, Smoke Plant Toasted inner bark used for smoking tobacco. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 80 |
| Cornus amomum P. Mill. Silky Dogwood USDA COAM2 |
Menominee Other, Smoke Plant Toasted inner bark used for smoking tobacco. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 80 |
| Cornus amomum P. Mill. Silky Dogwood USDA COAM2 |
Omaha Other, Smoke Plant Dried inner bark used either alone or with tobacco for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 331 |
| Cornus amomum P. Mill. Silky Dogwood USDA COAM2 |
Ponca Other, Smoke Plant Inner bark used as an additive to tobacco. Howard, James, 1965, The Ponca Tribe, SI-BAE Bulletin #195, page 47 |
| Cornus foemina P. Mill. Stiff Dogwood USDA COFO |
Micmac Other, Smoke Plant Dried bark mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 317 |
| Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray Pacific Dogwood USDA CONU4 |
Salish, Coast Other, Smoke Plant Bark occasionally mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 81 |
| Cornus racemosa Lam. Gray Dogwood USDA CORA6 |
Ojibwa Other, Smoke Plant Peeled, toasted, shredded twig bark used in the kinnikinnick or native smoking tobacco. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 399 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. occidentalis (Torr. & Gray) Fosberg Western Dogwood USDA COSEO |
Thompson Other, Smoke Plant Leaves occasionally smoked as tobacco. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Blackfoot Other, Ceremonial Items Plant mixed with tobacco, kinnikinnick or dried cambium and used in all religious bundles. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Blackfoot Other, Smoke Plant Dried cambium greased, crushed and mixed with smoking tobacco. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Blackfoot Other, Smoke Plant Inner bark used in the tobacco mixture. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Carrier Drug, Pulmonary Aid Bark scraped, mixed with tobacco and smoked for lung sickness. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 71 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Cheyenne Other, Smoke Plant Dried, pulverized under bark mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 183 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Cheyenne Other, Smoke Plant Inner bark mixed with skunkbush leaves in the absence of tobacco and smoked. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Cree Other, Smoke Plant Bark mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Smoke Plant Dried inner bark pulverized, mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Gosiute Other, Smoke Plant Inner bark smoked as a tobacco. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 366 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Lakota Other, Smoke Plant Bark mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 44 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Lakota Other, Smoke Plant Inner bark mixed with tobacco and smoked. Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 43 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Montana Indian Other, Ceremonial Items Ribbons of inner bark roasted, mixed with tobacco and used for ceremonial or religious pipe smoking. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 21 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Montana Indian Other, Smoke Plant Inner bark dried and mixed with tobacco as a substitute for kinnikinnick. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Cold Remedy Inner bark dried, mixed with kinnikinnick or tobacco and smoked for colds. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Smoke Plant Inner bark dried, mixed with kinnikinnick or tobacco and smoked. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 96 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Shuswap Other, Smoke Plant Scraped bark used with tobacco. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 61 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Thompson Other, Smoke Plant Leaves occasionally smoked as tobacco. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495 |
| Datura wrightii Regel Sacred Thornapple USDA DAWR2 |
Costanoan Drug, Love Medicine Seeds and tobacco smoked as an aphrodisiac. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14 |
| Datura wrightii Regel Sacred Thornapple USDA DAWR2 |
Keres, Western Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves used as tobacco. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 41 |
| Dendromecon rigida Benth. Tree Poppy USDA DERIR2 |
Kawaiisu Other, Smoke Plant One or two leaves put into the liquid and used in the preparation of the tobacco plug. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 25 |