| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Blackfoot Food, Soup Bulbs eaten with soup. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Blackfoot Food, Unspecified Bulbs eaten fresh. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Montana Indian Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of crushed bulb-like roots applied to boils. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Montana Indian Food, Forage Plants eaten by bears and ground squirrels. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 24 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Montana Indian Food, Unspecified Bulb-like roots used for food. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Montana Indian Food, Unspecified Bulbs occasionally eaten raw or boiled. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 24 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Cold Remedy Corms used for bad colds. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 45 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Dried Food Corms dried for future use. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 45 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Unspecified Corms eaten fresh. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 45 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Okanagon Food, Staple Roots used as a principle food. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 238 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Okanagon Food, Unspecified Roots used as an important food. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 237 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Okanagon Food, Unspecified Steamed and eaten as a sweet, mealy and starchy food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Shuswap Food, Winter Use Food Roots dried for winter use. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 54 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Thompson Food, Candy Small root ends of corms eaten as candy by children. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Thompson Food, Dried Food Raw corms dried for future use in soups or stews. The corms were laid out loosely on a scaffold and allowed to partially dry until they had wilted so that they would not split when strung. Then they were strung with needles onto long strings or thin sticks and allowed to dry completely. The strings were tied at the ends to make a large necklace like loop which could be hung up for storage. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Thompson Food, Pie & Pudding Corms used to make a traditional kind of pudding. The pudding was made by boiling together such traditional ingredients as dried black tree lichen, dried saskatoon berries, cured salmon eggs, tiger lily bulbs or bitterroot and deer fat. Some of these ingredients, including avalanche lily corms, were optional. Nowadays flour is often used as a substitute for black tree lichen and sugar is added. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Thompson Food, Soup Raw, dried corms used in soups and stews. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Corms considered an important traditional food source. Because raw corms were considered poisonous, most of the corms were pit cooked, either immediately after harvesting or at a later date after they had been strung and dried. In the latter case, they were soaked for a few minutes in lukewarm water until they had regained about two-thirds of their moisture before being placed in the cooking pit. They could be eaten immediately or redried for later use, when they could be could again very quickly. One informant confirmed that the corms cooked and eaten immediately after harvesting were not as sweet and good as those that had been stored first. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Corms cooked and eaten. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 481 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Corms eaten with meat and fish as the vegetable portion of a meal, like potatoes. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Deep fried corms used for food. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Roots used as an important food. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 237 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Steamed and eaten as a sweet, mealy and starchy food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Thompson Other, Cash Crop Strings of dried corms used as trading items. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121 |
| Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Dogtooth Lily USDA ERGRG3 |
Thompson Other, Toys & Games Corms used as wagers in gambling. Some of the women used to climb up the valley sides to dig sacks of corms which they used as wagers in gambling. The winners would stagger down the hillside with several sacks of corms, while others, who had worked just as hard, would return home empty handed, having lost in the gambling. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121 |
| Eschscholzia californica Cham. California Poppy USDA ESCAC |
California Indian Drug, Toothache Remedy Leaves used for toothache. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 45 |
| Eschscholzia californica Cham. California Poppy USDA ESCAC |
Mendocino Indian Drug, Toothache Remedy Root placed in cavity of tooth for toothaches. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 351 |
| Euphorbia corollata L. Flowering Spurge USDA EUCO10 |
Cherokee Drug, Toothache Remedy Root used for toothache. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 45 |
| Euphorbia dentata Michx. Toothed Spurge USDA EUDED |
Keres, Western Drug, Gynecological Aid Plant eaten by mothers to produce more milk. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 62 |
| Eurybia conspicua (Lindl.) Nesom Showy Aster USDA EUCO36 |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Toothache Remedy Roots applied to the tooth for toothaches. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79 |
| Fragaria sp. Wild Strawberry |
Iroquois Drug, Toothache Remedy Compound decoction of plant given when 'baby's teeth are coming in.' Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 352 |
| Fragaria virginiana Duchesne Virginia Strawberry USDA FRVIV |
Cherokee Drug, Toothache Remedy Fruit held in mouth to remove tartar from teeth. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57 |
| Frangula californica (Eschsch.) Gray California Buckthorn USDA FRCAC5 |
Neeshenam Drug, Toothache Remedy Heated root held in the mouth for toothaches. Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 376 |
| Geranium maculatum L. Spotted Geranium USDA GEMA |
Meskwaki Drug, Analgesic Infusion of root used for neuralgia and toothache. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 222 |
| Geranium maculatum L. Spotted Geranium USDA GEMA |
Meskwaki Drug, Burn Dressing Poultice of decoction of root applied to burns and infusion used for toothache. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 222223 |
| Geranium maculatum L. Spotted Geranium USDA GEMA |
Meskwaki Drug, Oral Aid Infusion of root used for pyorrhea, sore gums and toothache. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 222 |
| Geranium maculatum L. Spotted Geranium USDA GEMA |
Meskwaki Drug, Toothache Remedy Infusion of root used for aching teeth and sore gums. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 222223 |
| Geum aleppicum Jacq. Yellow Avens USDA GEAL3 |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Toothache Remedy Decoction of root alone or with other herbs used for teething sickness. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 39 |
| Geum aleppicum Jacq. Yellow Avens USDA GEAL3 |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Toothache Remedy Decoction of root used for sore teeth. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 39 |
| Geum macrophyllum var. perincisum (Rydb.) Raup Largeleaf Avens USDA GEMAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Toothache Remedy Decoction of root with other herbs used for teething sickness. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 39 |
| Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh American Licorice USDA GLLE3 |
Dakota Drug, Toothache Remedy Root chewed and held in mouth for toothache. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 92 |
| Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh American Licorice USDA GLLE3 |
Dakota Drug, Toothache Remedy Root held in the mouth for toothaches. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 365 |
| Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh American Licorice USDA GLLE3 |
Lakota Drug, Toothache Remedy Roots chewed for toothache. Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 40 |
| Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh American Licorice USDA GLLE3 |
Pawnee Drug, Toothache Remedy Root chewed and held in mouth for toothache. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 92 |
| Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh American Licorice USDA GLLE3 |
Sioux Drug, Toothache Remedy Roots chewed and used for toothache. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 35 |
| Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. Downy Rattlesnake Plantain USDA GOPU |
Cherokee Drug, Toothache Remedy Infusion held in mouth for toothache. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50 |
| Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. Lesser Rattlesnake Plantain USDA GORE2 |
Cherokee Drug, Toothache Remedy Infusion held in mouth for toothache. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50 |
| Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.) Gray Threadleaf Snakeweed USDA GUMI |
Cahuilla Drug, Toothache Remedy Infusion of plant used as a gargle or plant placed inside the mouth for toothaches. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 75 |
| Habenaria odontopetala Reichenb. f. Toothpetal False Reinorchid USDA HAOD |
Seminole Drug, Strengthener Plant used to make a medicine and given to students in medical training to make the body strong. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 102 |
| Hamamelis virginiana L. American Witchhazel USDA HAVI4 |
Iroquois Drug, Toothache Remedy Plant used as toothache medicine. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 346 |