| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Drug, Toothache Remedy Plant held between the teeth for toothaches. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana rustica L. Aztec Tobacco USDA NIRU |
Cherokee Drug, Toothache Remedy Smoke blown on toothache. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59 |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. Cultivated Tobacco USDA NITA |
Cherokee Drug, Toothache Remedy Smoke blown on toothache. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59 |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. Cultivated Tobacco USDA NITA |
Montauk Drug, Toothache Remedy Tobacco placed in tooth for toothache. Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 120 |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. Cultivated Tobacco USDA NITA |
Rappahannock Drug, Toothache Remedy Tobacco placed in tooth for toothache. Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 120 |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. Cultivated Tobacco USDA NITA |
Shinnecock Drug, Toothache Remedy Tobacco placed in tooth for toothache. Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 120 |
| Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala (Engelm.) E.O. Beal Rocky Mountain Pondlily USDA NULUP |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Toothache Remedy Stems placed directly on the tooth for toothaches. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 110 |
| Nymphaea odorata Ait. American White Waterlily USDA NYODO |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Toothache Remedy Stems placed directly on the tooth for toothaches. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 110 |
| Oenothera caespitosa ssp. marginata (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) Munz Tufted Eveningprimrose USDA OECAM4 |
Hopi Drug, Toothache Remedy Plant used as toothache medicine. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 337 |
| Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr. Western Sweetroot USDA OSOC |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Toothache Remedy Roots applied to the tooth for toothaches. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 70 |
| Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr. Western Sweetroot USDA OSOC |
Shoshoni Drug, Toothache Remedy Poultice of raw root applied for toothaches. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 109110 |
| Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch Eastern Hophornbeam USDA OSVIV |
Cherokee Drug, Toothache Remedy Infusion of bark held in mouth for toothached. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 39 |
| Parryella filifolia Torr. & Gray ex Gray Common Dunebroom USDA PAFI4 |
Hopi Drug, Toothache Remedy Beans used for toothaches. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 339 |
| Parryella filifolia Torr. & Gray ex Gray Common Dunebroom USDA PAFI4 |
Hopi Drug, Toothache Remedy Beans used for toothaches. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 33, 80 |
| Parryella filifolia Torr. & Gray ex Gray Common Dunebroom USDA PAFI4 |
Tewa Drug, Toothache Remedy Beans used for toothaches. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 339 |
| Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh) Rydb. Breadroot Scurfpea USDA PEES |
Blackfoot Drug, Toothache Remedy Roots chewed by teething children. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 41 |
| Peltigera canina Willd. Dogtooth Lichen |
Nitinaht Drug, Urinary Aid Formerly used to facilitate urination. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 55 |
| Pennellia micrantha (Gray) Nieuwl. Mountain Mock Thelypody USDA PEMI7 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Toothache Remedy Poultice of crushed, heated roots applied for toothache. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 29 |
| Penstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene Bush Penstemon USDA PEFRF4 |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Toothache Remedy Raw roots placed on the tooth for severe toothaches. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 139 |
| Penstemon sp. Penstemon |
Paiute Drug, Toothache Remedy Chewed root inserted into the tooth cavity for pain. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 114115 |
| Pentagramma triangularis ssp. triangularis Western Goldfern USDA PETRT |
Miwok Drug, Toothache Remedy Chewed for toothache. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 170 |
| Pericome caudata Gray Mountain Leaftail USDA PECA10 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Toothache Remedy Poultice of heated root applied for toothache. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 52 |
| Persea planifolia American Avocado |
Mahuna Drug, Toothache Remedy Infusion used for toothaches. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 25 |
| Phaseolus acutifolius Gray Tepary Bean USDA PHACA2 |
Papago Drug, Toothache Remedy Plant bitten and held between teeth for toothache. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 65 |
| Phaseolus acutifolius Gray Tepary Bean USDA PHACA2 |
Papago Drug, Toothache Remedy Plant held between the teeth for toothaches. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 65 |
| Phlox austromontana Coville Desert Phlox USDA PHAUA3 |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Toothache Remedy Crushed plant placed in cavity for toothaches. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 38 |
| Phlox caespitosa Nutt. Tufted Phlox USDA PHCA7 |
Navajo Drug, Toothache Remedy Plant used as toothache medicine. Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 162 |
| Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M.C. Johnston Oak Mistletoe USDA PHLE14 |
Mendocino Indian Drug, Toothache Remedy Root chewed for toothaches. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 344 |
| Phyllospadix serrulatus Rupr. ex Aschers. Toothed Surfgrass USDA PHSE11 |
Makah Food, Unspecified Rhizomes chewed or eaten raw. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 328 |
| Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) Gray Common Twinpod USDA PHDID |
Blackfoot Drug, Toothache Remedy Leaf clenched between the teeth for toothache. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 77 |
| Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) Gray Common Twinpod USDA PHDID |
Blackfoot Drug, Toothache Remedy Plant used as toothache medicine. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 78 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Shuswap Drug, Toothache Remedy Hard pitch chewed to clean the teeth. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 51 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Toothache Remedy Cone chewed for toothaches. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Oweekeno Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch mixed with pounded dogtooth lichens and used for wounds. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 68 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Tlingit Drug, Toothache Remedy Compound containing warmed seeds used for toothache. Krause, Aurel, 1956, The Tlingit Indians. Translated by Erna Gunther, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 284 |
| Polygala senega L. Seneca Snakeroot USDA POSE3 |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Toothache Remedy Root applied directly to a tooth for toothache. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 51 |
| Polymnia canadensis L. Whiteflower Leafcup USDA POCA11 |
Iroquois Drug, Toothache Remedy Plant used as toothache medicine. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 468 |
| Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas Fern USDA POACA |
Cherokee Drug, Toothache Remedy Compound decoction used for toothache and chills. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 33 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera Balsam Poplar USDA POBAB2 |
Cherokee Drug, Toothache Remedy Taken by 'persons of phlegmatic habits' and used for aching teeth. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24 |
| Populus grandidentata Michx. Bigtooth Aspen USDA POGR4 |
Cree Drug, Abortifacient Used to prevent childbearing. Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485 |
| Populus grandidentata Michx. Bigtooth Aspen USDA POGR4 |
Cree Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion of bark taken to ease and lessen menses. Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 494 |
| Populus grandidentata Michx. Bigtooth Aspen USDA POGR4 |
Iroquois Drug, Dermatological Aid Dust from the bark applied to parts affected by itch. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 293 |
| Populus grandidentata Michx. Bigtooth Aspen USDA POGR4 |
Malecite Drug, Dietary Aid Infusion of bark used for stimulating the appetite. Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 253 |
| Populus grandidentata Michx. Bigtooth Aspen USDA POGR4 |
Ojibwa Drug, Hemostat Infusion of young root used as a 'hemostatic.' Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 387388 |
| Populus grandidentata Michx. Bigtooth Aspen USDA POGR4 |
Ojibwa Food, Unspecified Cambium layer scraped, boiled and eaten, something like eggs. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 410 |
| Populus grandidentata Michx. Bigtooth Aspen USDA POGR4 |
Ojibwa Other, Paper Wood used for pulpwood. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 243 |
| Populus nigra L. Lombardy Poplar USDA PONI |
Cherokee Drug, Toothache Remedy Taken by 'persons of phlegmatic habits' and used for aching teeth. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 24 |
| Porteranthus stipulatus (Muhl. ex Willd.) Britt. Indian Physic USDA POST5 |
Cherokee Drug, Toothache Remedy Infusion used for toothache. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40 |
| Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) Britt. Bowman's Root USDA POTR11 |
Cherokee Drug, Toothache Remedy Infusion used for toothache. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40 |
| Psathyrotes annua (Nutt.) Gray Annual Psathyrotes USDA PSAN |
Paiute Drug, Toothache Remedy Dried leaves chewed for toothache. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 124 |