| Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr. Bitter Cherry USDA PREME |
Thompson Food, Fruit Fruits eaten occasionally because of the bitter taste. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 263 |
| Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr. Bitter Cherry USDA PREME |
Thompson Other, Containers Bark softened and used to make bags. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497 |
| Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr. Bitter Cherry USDA PREME |
Thompson Other, Containers Bark split and used to make bags. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40 |
| Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr. Bitter Cherry USDA PREME |
Thompson Other, Decorations Bark used to bind bows considered a decorative contrast to the wood of the bows. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498 |
| Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr. Bitter Cherry USDA PREME |
Thompson Other, Fasteners Bark used to bind bows in the middle and ends for strength. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 498 |
| Prunus fasciculata (Torr.) Gray Desert Almond USDA PRFAF |
Cahuilla Food, Fruit Fruit considered a great delicacy, important food and a highly prized food source. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 119 |
| Prunus fasciculata (Torr.) Gray Desert Almond USDA PRFAF |
Kawaiisu Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Straight twigs, fitted into the hollow stems of carizzo grass mainshafts, used as arrow foreshafts. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 55 |
| Prunus fasciculata (Torr.) Gray Desert Almond USDA PRFAF |
Kawaiisu Other, Tools Used as a drill in fire making. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 55 |
| Prunus fremontii S. Wats. Desert Apricot USDA PRFR |
Cahuilla Food, Fruit Fruit considered a great delicacy, important food and a highly prized food source. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 119 |
| Prunus gracilis Engelm. & Gray Oklahoma Plum USDA PRGR |
Kiowa Food, Candy Dried fruit used as an ingredient in making candy. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 30 |
| Prunus gracilis Engelm. & Gray Oklahoma Plum USDA PRGR |
Kiowa Food, Winter Use Food Dried fruit stored for winter use, eaten uncooked or pounded and made into cakes. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 30 |
| Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr. Hollyleaf Cherry USDA PRILI |
Cahuilla Food, Fruit Fruit considered a great delicacy, important food and a highly prized food source. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 119 |
| Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr. Hollyleaf Cherry USDA PRILI |
Costanoan Food, Fruit Fruits eaten for food. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249 |
| Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr. Hollyleaf Cherry USDA PRILI |
Costanoan Food, Unspecified Soaked, roasted inner kernels used for food. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249 |
| Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr. Hollyleaf Cherry USDA PRILI |
Costanoan Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used for bows. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249 |
| Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr. Hollyleaf Cherry USDA PRILI |
Diegueno Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of leaves taken as a cough medicine. Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 217 |
| Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr. Hollyleaf Cherry USDA PRILI |
Diegueno Food, Bread & Cake Large seed cracked, the kernel extracted, pounded into a meal and made into patties and roasted. Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 32 |
| Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr. Hollyleaf Cherry USDA PRILI |
Diegueno Food, Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 32 |
| Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr. Hollyleaf Cherry USDA PRILI |
Diegueno Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 217 |
| Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr. Hollyleaf Cherry USDA PRILI |
Diegueno Food, Porridge Seeds ground, leached and used to make atole. Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 217 |
| Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr. Hollyleaf Cherry USDA PRILI |
Luiseno Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 232 |
| Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr. Hollyleaf Cherry USDA PRILI |
Luiseno Food, Fruit Fruit, similar to plums or cherries, formerly used to some extent as food. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194 |
| Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr. Hollyleaf Cherry USDA PRILI |
Luiseno Food, Porridge Sun dried fruit kernels made into a flour and cooked in an earthen vessel. The sun dried fruit kernels were extracted from the shells, made into a flour and then leached to remove the bitterness. The flour was either leached with hot water, placed in a rush basket and warm water poured over it or placed in a sand hole and warm water poured over it to remove the bitterness. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194 |
| Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr. Hollyleaf Cherry USDA PRILI |
Luiseno Food, Staple Kernels ground into a flour and used for food. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 232 |
| Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr. Hollyleaf Cherry USDA PRILI |
Luiseno Food, Unspecified Pulp eaten for food. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 194 |
| Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr. Hollyleaf Cherry USDA PRILI |
Mahuna Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of bark or roots taken for coughs. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 18 |
| Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr. Hollyleaf Cherry USDA PRILI |
Mahuna Food, Fruit Berries eaten mainly to quench the thirst. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 70 |
| Prunus nigra Ait. Canadian Plum USDA PRNI |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of inner bark taken for coughs. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 184 |
| Prunus nigra Ait. Canadian Plum USDA PRNI |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Unspecified Infusion of roots used as a medicinal tea. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 184 |
| Prunus nigra Ait. Canadian Plum USDA PRNI |
Algonquin, Quebec Food, Fruit Fruit eaten. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 95 |
| Prunus nigra Ait. Canadian Plum USDA PRNI |
Algonquin, Quebec Food, Preserves Fruit made into preserves. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 95 |
| Prunus nigra Ait. Canadian Plum USDA PRNI |
Iroquois Food, Bread & Cake Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128 |
| Prunus nigra Ait. Canadian Plum USDA PRNI |
Iroquois Food, Dried Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128 |
| Prunus nigra Ait. Canadian Plum USDA PRNI |
Iroquois Food, Fruit Dried fruit taken as a hunting food. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128 |
| Prunus nigra Ait. Canadian Plum USDA PRNI |
Iroquois Food, Sauce & Relish Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128 |
| Prunus nigra Ait. Canadian Plum USDA PRNI |
Meskwaki Drug, Antiemetic Infusion of bark used to settle stomach when it will not retain food. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 242 |
| Prunus nigra Ait. Canadian Plum USDA PRNI |
Meskwaki Food, Fruit Plums eaten fresh. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 263 |
| Prunus nigra Ait. Canadian Plum USDA PRNI |
Meskwaki Food, Preserves Plums made into plum butter for winter use. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 263 |
| Prunus nigra Ait. Canadian Plum USDA PRNI |
Ojibwa Dye, Mordant Inner bark used as an astringent color fixative in dyeing with other plant dyes. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 426 |
| Prunus nigra Ait. Canadian Plum USDA PRNI |
Ojibwa Food, Fruit Large quantities of plums found in thickets and gathered for food. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 409 |
| Prunus nigra Ait. Canadian Plum USDA PRNI |
Ojibwa Food, Preserves Large quantities of plums found in thickets and gathered for preserves. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 409 |
| Prunus pensylvanica L. f. Pin Cherry USDA PRPEP |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Blood Medicine Infusion of bark taken for blood poisoning. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 184 |
| Prunus pensylvanica L. f. Pin Cherry USDA PRPEP |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of bark taken for coughs. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 184 |
| Prunus pensylvanica L. f. Pin Cherry USDA PRPEP |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Disinfectant Infusion of bark taken for infections. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 184 |
| Prunus pensylvanica L. f. Pin Cherry USDA PRPEP |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Pulmonary Aid Infusion of bark taken for bronchitis. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 184 |
| Prunus pensylvanica L. f. Pin Cherry USDA PRPEP |
Algonquin, Quebec Food, Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 95 |
| Prunus pensylvanica L. f. Pin Cherry USDA PRPEP |
Algonquin, Quebec Food, Preserves Fruit made into jelly. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 95 |
| Prunus pensylvanica L. f. Pin Cherry USDA PRPEP |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Drug, Hemostat Poultice of boiled, shredded inner bark applied to bleeding umbilical cord. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 130 |
| Prunus pensylvanica L. f. Pin Cherry USDA PRPEP |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Drug, Pediatric Aid Poultice of boiled, shredded inner bark applied to bleeding umbilical cord. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 130 |
| Prunus pensylvanica L. f. Pin Cherry USDA PRPEP |
Cherokee Drug, Blood Medicine Compound used as a blood tonic. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28, 29 |