| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Klallam Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Twigs laid in rivers and used to collect herring eggs. Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 202 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakiutl Drug, Antidiarrheal Compound decoction of plants or bark taken for diarrhea. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakiutl Drug, Burn Dressing Cold infusion of scraped, pounded bark applied to burns. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakiutl Drug, Dermatological Aid Cold infusion of scraped, pounded bark applied to sores. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakiutl Drug, Dermatological Aid Moxa of twigs used to cauterize warts and moles. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakiutl Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion of boughs used as a wash for upper lids of inflamed eyes. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakiutl Drug, Gynecological Aid Hemlock used as wash & tree tips prayed to by pregnant women to aid delivery. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakiutl Drug, Hunting Medicine Branches rubbed on hunters and fishermen to purify them. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Ceremonial Items Wood used to carve masks. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to carve dishes and spoons. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Musical Instrument Wood used to carve rattles. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakwaka'wakw Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant considered to have special powers to purify and cure. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakwaka'wakw Fiber, Building Material Boughs made into huts and used to house girls following their first menstruation. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakwaka'wakw Fiber, Building Material Boughs made into special shelters for hunters, fishers, shamans and their initiates. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakwaka'wakw Other, Protection Four rings of boughs used to negate the effects of evil spirits. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Lummi Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Young trees used as poles for large dip nets. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Makah Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch used as a sunburn preventative and rubbed on hair to remove lice. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Makah Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch used to prevent sunburn. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Makah Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of bark applied to obstinate sores. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Makah Drug, Hemostat Poultice of plant applied to bleeding wounds. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Makah Drug, Internal Medicine Decoction of plant taken for internal injury. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Makah Dye, Red-Brown Inner bark pounded, boiled and used as a red-brown dye. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Makah Fiber, Building Material Wood used for lumber. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 238 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Makah Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Boughs immersed in the water and used to collect herring eggs. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Makah Other, Insecticide Compound of powdered bark and oil or pitch used on the hair to remove vermin. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Montana Indian Food, Bread & Cake Cambium made into a coarse bread. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Montana Indian Other, Hide Preparation Bark used for tanning. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 25 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of bark, grand fir and red alder barks taken for bruises. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Drug, Internal Medicine Infusion of bark, grand fir and red alder barks taken for internal injuries. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Drug, Orthopedic Aid Infusion of bark, grand fir and red alder barks taken for broken bones. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Dye, Black Bark chopped into small pieces, pounded, crushed and boiled to make a black dye. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Dye, Brown Bark chopped into small pieces, pounded, crushed and boiled to make different shades of brown dye. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Dye, Brown Bark used as a brown dye for basketry material and gill nets 'so the fish won't see it.' Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 238 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Food, Starvation Food Light, green branch tips eaten to relieve hunger when lost in the woods. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Food, Starvation Food Old leaves eaten sparingly to keep alive when hungry in the woods. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 238 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Food, Unspecified Young growth used for food. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 238 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Other, Ceremonial Items Boughs used as scrubbers in the manhood training rituals of young boys. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Other, Fuel Slow burning wood used to bank up fires overnight. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Boughs used to catch herring spawn. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Hard, dense knots used to make molded halibut hooks. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood knots used to make halibut hooks. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant considered to have special powers to purify and cure. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Fiber, Building Material Boughs made into special shelters for hunters, fishers, shamans and their initiates. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Food, Dried Food Inner bark dried for future use. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Food, Unspecified Inner bark used for food. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Other, Ceremonial Items Boughs made into headdresses and worn by dancers in the Ghost dance. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Other, Ceremonial Items Inner bark and grease made into realistic eyeballs and used in the corpse for the hamatsa ceremony. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Other, Cooking Tools Boughs used to roast fern roots. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Fresh boughs used to gather herring roe. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make octopus spears. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |