| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Ojibwa Drug, Adjuvant Leaves made into a tea and used as a beverage and to disguise medicine. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 408 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Ojibwa Drug, Adjuvant Leaves used to flavor medicinal tea. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 380 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Ojibwa Drug, Dermatological Aid Bark used for cuts, wounds and bleeding wounds. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 380 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Ojibwa Drug, Hemostat Bark used for bleeding wounds. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 380 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Ojibwa Dye, Mordant Bark used with a little rock dust to set the color. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 426 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Ojibwa Dye, Red-Brown Bark used with a little rock dust to dye materials a dark red brown. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 426 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Ojibwa Food, Beverage Leaves made into a tea and used as a beverage and to disguise medicine. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 408 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Ojibwa Other, Fuel Bark used for fuel, when reboiling pitch, because the heat was easy to regulate. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 422 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Potawatomi Drug, Antidiarrheal Compound of inner bark used for flux. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 71 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Potawatomi Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of leaves taken to cause perspiration, which broke up a cold. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 71 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Potawatomi Drug, Diaphoretic Infusion of leaves taken to cause perspiration, which broke up a cold. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 71 |
| Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Carolina Hemlock USDA TSCA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Antidiarrheal Root chewed 'to check bowels.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Carolina Hemlock USDA TSCA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of bark used for itching armpits. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Carolina Hemlock USDA TSCA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Gynecological Aid Compound decoction used to aid in expelling afterbirth. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Carolina Hemlock USDA TSCA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of roots taken to cause discharge of the afterbirth. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 5 |
| Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Carolina Hemlock USDA TSCA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Kidney Aid Infusion of stem tips taken for kidneys. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Carolina Hemlock USDA TSCA2 |
Cherokee Dye, Red-Brown Bark used to make a rosy-tan dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Carolina Hemlock USDA TSCA2 |
Cherokee Fiber, Basketry Inner bark used to make baskets. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Carolina Hemlock USDA TSCA2 |
Cherokee Fiber, Building Material Wood used for lumber. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Carolina Hemlock USDA TSCA2 |
Cherokee Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Carolina Hemlock USDA TSCA2 |
Cherokee Other, Paper Wood used for pulpwood. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Carolina Hemlock USDA TSCA2 |
Cherokee Other, Preservative Bark used as a source for tannic acid. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Alaska Native Food, Bread & Cake Inner bark roasted in a pit oven, sometimes mixed with dried berries and pressed into cakes. Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 146 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of compound containing gum applied to the arms for rheumatism. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Drug, Burn Dressing Leaves chewed and used for burns. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Drug, Burn Dressing Poultice of chewed leaves applied to burns. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Drug, Dermatological Aid Warm gum applied to cuts. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Drug, Heart Medicine Poultice of compound containing gum applied to the chest for heart trouble. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Drug, Internal Medicine Moxa of twigs applied to the skin for 'various internal ailments.' Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Drug, Internal Medicine Twigs burned and used to cauterize the skin for internal ailments. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Dye, Brown Bark boiled and used as a brown dye for fishnets. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Food, Dried Food Inner bark steamed overnight, pounded, formed into balls, sun dried and eaten in winter. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Other, Cleaning Agent Bark boiled and used on traps to remove rust and give them a clean smell. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bellabella Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Boughs used to collect herring spawn. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Chehalis Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of pounded bark taken for tuberculosis. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Chehalis Drug, Venereal Aid Decoction of pounded bark taken for syphilis. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Chehalis Dye, Unspecified Inner bark made into a dye and used on fish nets to make them invisible to fish and attract them. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Chehalis Other, Fuel Wood used extensively for firewood. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Clallam Drug, Antihemorrhagic Bark boiled, added to licorice ferns and used for hemorrhages. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Clallam Dye, Red-Brown Bark boiled and used to make a reddish-brown dye. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Clallam Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Limbs cut, placed around rocks in tidal areas and used to gather ling cod eggs. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Clallam Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Saplings used for fish trap stanchions. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Cowlitz Drug, Antihemorrhagic Infusion of bark taken for hemorrhage. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Cowlitz Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of plants used as wash for skin sores. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Cowlitz Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch used to prevent chapping. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Cowlitz Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion of plants used as wash for sore eyes. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Cowlitz Food, Spice Branch tips used to flavor cooking bear meat. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Gitksan Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Cambium used as a 'cleanser.' Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Gitksan Drug, Liver Aid Cambium used for the gall bladder. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Gitksan Drug, Other Inner bark used for elimination of hard or sharp swallowed objects. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |