| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Other, Protection Four rings of boughs and ritual bathing used to negate the effects of evil spirits. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Oweekeno Other, Toys & Games Boughs used to make play houses. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quileute Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed plants applied to swellings. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quileute Drug, Emetic Bark used as an emetic. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quileute Other, Hide Preparation Bark used for tanning hides. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quileute Other, Waterproofing Agent Bark finely chopped, boiled and the juice applied to baskets to make them water tight. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quinault Drug, Cold Remedy Poultice of pitch and ground bark applied to child's chest for a cold. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quinault Drug, Laxative Infusion of plants taken as a laxative. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quinault Drug, Pediatric Aid Poultice of pitch and ground bark applied to child's chest for a cold. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quinault Fiber, Building Material Boughs used as shelters for hunters. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quinault Fiber, Canoe Material Young trees used for poling canoes upstream. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quinault Other, Fuel Wood used extensively for firewood. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quinault Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Young trees used as walkways on top of fish weirs. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Quinault Other, Paint Bark mashed with salmon eggs to make a yellow-orange paint for dip nets and paddles. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Salish, Coast Food, Dried Food Cambium dried in sheets and used as a winter food. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 72 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Salish, Coast Other, Hide Preparation Bark used to cure hides. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 72 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Shuswap Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of bark taken for tuberculosis. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 53 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Skagit Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of plants used as wash for skin sores. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Skagit Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion of plants used as wash for sore eyes. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Skagit Drug, Throat Aid Infusion of bark taken for sore throats. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Skagit Fiber, Canoe Material Young trees used for poling canoes upstream. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Skagit Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Young trees used in fish trap construction. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Snohomish Fiber, Basketry Inner bark used as a dye for baskets. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Snohomish Fiber, Canoe Material Young trees used for poling canoes upstream. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Thompson Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of bark used for colds. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Thompson Drug, Disinfectant Boughs considered an important disinfectant. One informant noted that those desiring to cleanse themselves would scrub their bodies with the branches. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Thompson Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of bark used for influenza. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Thompson Other, Incense & Fragrance Boughs steamed or rubbed on furniture and used as a room deodorizer and disinfectant. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Thompson Other, Tools Broken boughs used by the handful like a bath brush. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Wet'suwet'en Food, Sweetener Cambium used as a sweetener for other foods. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Wet'suwet'en Food, Unspecified Cambium used for food. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Wet'suwet'en Food, Winter Use Food Inner bark used as a survival food in winter. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150 |
| Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain Hemlock USDA TSME |
Bella Coola Drug, Burn Dressing Poultice of chewed leaves applied to burns. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51 |
| Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain Hemlock USDA TSME |
Bella Coola Drug, Dermatological Aid Warm gum applied to cuts. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51 |
| Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain Hemlock USDA TSME |
Bella Coola Drug, Internal Medicine Moxa of twigs applied to the skin for 'various internal ailments.' Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51 |
| Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain Hemlock USDA TSME |
Hoh Drug, Emetic Bark used as an emetic. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58 |
| Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain Hemlock USDA TSME |
Hoh Other, Hide Preparation Bark used for tanning hides. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58 |
| Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain Hemlock USDA TSME |
Kwakiutl Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Bark used in ritual to make children as light-skinned as the inner bark. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271 |
| Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain Hemlock USDA TSME |
Kwakiutl Drug, Dermatological Aid Bark used in ritual to make children as light-skinned as the inner bark. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271 |
| Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain Hemlock USDA TSME |
Kwakiutl Drug, Pediatric Aid Bark used in ritual to make children as light-skinned as the inner bark. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 271 |
| Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain Hemlock USDA TSME |
Paiute Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Boughs used for camping beds. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 44 |
| Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain Hemlock USDA TSME |
Quileute Drug, Emetic Bark used as an emetic. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58 |
| Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain Hemlock USDA TSME |
Quileute Other, Hide Preparation Bark used for tanning hides. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58 |
| Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain Hemlock USDA TSME |
Thompson Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of bark used for colds. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111 |
| Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain Hemlock USDA TSME |
Thompson Drug, Disinfectant Boughs steamed or rubbed on furniture and used as a room deodorizer and disinfectant. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111 |
| Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain Hemlock USDA TSME |
Thompson Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of bark used for influenza. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111 |
| Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain Hemlock USDA TSME |
Thompson Fiber, Brushes & Brooms Broken boughs used by the handful as a bath brush. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111 |
| Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain Hemlock USDA TSME |
Thompson Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Fragrant branches and leaves used for bedding. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 500 |
| Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain Hemlock USDA TSME |
Thompson Other, Incense & Fragrance Boughs steamed or rubbed on furniture and used as a room deodorizer and disinfectant. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 111 |
| Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain Hemlock USDA TSME |
Tlingit Drug, Toothache Remedy Compound containing warmed seeds used for toothache. Krause, Aurel, 1956, The Tlingit Indians. Translated by Erna Gunther, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 284 |