| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Ceremonial Items Used to make garment for garment ceremony of Evilway. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Ceremonial Items Used to make unravelers for several ceremonials. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 14 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Nitinaht Other, Fuel Bark and wood used for fuel. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Nitinaht Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Hard knots used to make molded halibut hooks. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Nitinaht Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Used as a pole to place fishing lures in the water. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 95 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Nitinaht Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make sea urchin spear shafts, seal spears and poles for placing codfish lures. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Pomo Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Quileute Fiber, Building Material Formerly used to make shakes and clapboards for houses. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Quinault Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of pitch applied to sores. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Quinault Food, Candy Pitch chewed as a gum. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Quinault Other, Fuel Bark used for firewood. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Quinault Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Used to make shafts for harpoons, salmon spears and handles of dip nets. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Skagit Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of pitch applied to sores. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Skagit Drug, Disinfectant Decoction of bark used as an antiseptic for infections. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Skagit Other, Fuel Bark used for firewood. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Skagit Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Used to make salmon spears and harpoons. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Squaxin Drug, Cold Remedy Decoction of plant taken as a cold medicine. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Swinomish Drug, Analgesic Decoction of needles applied as poultice to the chest to draw out the pain. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Swinomish Drug, Cold Remedy Decoction of root bark taken for colds. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Swinomish Drug, Oral Aid Bud tips chewed for mouth sores. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Swinomish Drug, Throat Aid Bud tips chewed for sore throats. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Swinomish Drug, Tonic Decoction of needles taken as a general tonic. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Swinomish Dye, Brown Bark boiled and used on fish nets as a light brown dye to make them invisible to the fish. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Swinomish Other, Fuel Bark used for firewood. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Swinomish Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Used to make salmon spears and harpoons. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Yuki Fiber, Building Material Branches used to make camp shelters. Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 93 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Abnaki Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Used as a medicine for rheumatism. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 155 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Abnaki Drug, Antirheumatic (Internal) Decoction of leaves taken for rheumatism. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Abnaki Drug, Antirheumatic (Internal) Infusion of leaves taken for rheumatism. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 163 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Abnaki Drug, Dermatological Aid Used for 'slight' itches. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 155 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of branches boiled down to a thick syrup or paste and used as a poultice for arthritis. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 125 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of inner bark taken for colds. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 125 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of inner bark applied externally to eczema and other similar skin conditions. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 125 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Disinfectant Poultice of crushed branch tips applied to the infected navel of an infant. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 125 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Gynecological Aid Used in the sudatory by women experiencing complications in childbirth and for other complaints. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 125 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Pediatric Aid Poultice of crushed branch tips applied to the infected navel of an infant. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 125 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Unspecified Decoction of branches used as a medicinal tea. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 125 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Unspecified Used in the sudatory by women experiencing complications in childbirth and for other complaints. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 125 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Cherokee Drug, Antidiarrheal Root chewed 'to check bowels.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Cherokee Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of bark used for itching armpits. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Cherokee Drug, Gynecological Aid Compound decoction used to aid in expelling afterbirth. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Cherokee Drug, Kidney Aid Infusion of stem tips taken for kidneys. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Cherokee Dye, Red-Brown Bark used to make a rosy-tan dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Cherokee Fiber, Basketry Inner bark used to make baskets. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Cherokee Fiber, Building Material Wood used for lumber. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Cherokee Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Cherokee Other, Paper Wood used for pulpwood. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Cherokee Other, Preservative Bark used as a source for tannic acid. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Chippewa Drug, Antidiarrheal Infusion of twigs taken for dysentery. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 123 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Chippewa Drug, Hemostat Pulverized inner bark applied to wounds as a styptic. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 356 |