| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Gitksan Food, Staple Cambium pit cooked, pounded, formed into cakes, dried, stored and eaten as a staple food. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Gitksan Food, Sweetener Cambium used as a sweetener for other foods. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Gitksan Food, Winter Use Food Inner bark used as a survival food in winter. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla Food, Dried Food Cambium cooked in skunk cabbage leaves, pounded, dried and stored for winter use. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla Food, Staple Cambium pit cooked, pounded, formed into cakes, dried, stored and eaten as a staple food. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla Food, Sweetener Cambium used as a sweetener for other foods. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla Food, Winter Use Food Inner bark used as a survival food in winter. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Fiber, Building Material Boughs used for making temporary shelters or huts by hunters. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Food, Winter Use Food Cambium dried, pounded, served with oolichan grease and Pacific crabapples and used as winter food. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Ceremonial Items Boughs used among several botanical materials in ritual purification practices. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Cooking Tools Boughs used under cleaned salmon while draining. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Good Luck Charm Boughs rubbed on the body for luck on hunting expeditions. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Boughs used as camouflage by hunters. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Boughs used to gather herring roe. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Protection Boughs made into hoops and used to combat witchcraft. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Weapon Timber used as the 'blade' of an executioner's device similar to the guillotine. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hanaksiala Food, Bread & Cake Cambium formed into cakes, cooked, dried, powdered, mixed with water, grease and fruit and eaten. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hanaksiala Other, Cooking Tools Boughs used in processing salmon. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hanaksiala Other, Cooking Tools Boughs used to wrap and cover foods in earth ovens. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hanaksiala Other, Fasteners Wood made into rings and used to fasten oolichan nets to the piles. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hanaksiala Other, Hide Preparation Bark used to smoke hides into a dark brown color. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hanaksiala Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make piles for anchoring oolichan nets. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hanaksiala Other, Jewelry Wood knots used to make labrets worn by women of high social rank. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hanaksiala Other, Tools Wood used to make digging sticks. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hanaksiala Other, Tools Wood used to make mallets. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Drug, Antirheumatic (Internal) Decoction or infusion of bark, from inside of a crevice, taken for rheumatic fever. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Drug, Dermatological Aid Gum & deer grease used on fur seal hunters faces to prevent skin from cracking & peeling in the sun. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Drug, Dermatological Aid Gum and deer grease used for healing sores on the face. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch and deer fat used as salve to prevent and soothe sunburn. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch and deer fat used on faces to heal abrasions cause by rubbing on hunting camouflage. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed needles used for burns. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Drug, Eye Medicine Boughs used by girls, at puberty ceremony, to prevent eye disease to herself and future children. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Drug, Other Decoction or infusion of bark, from inside of a crevice, taken for phlebitis. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction or infusion of bark, from inside of a crevice, taken for tuberculosis and rheumatic fever. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Dye, Red-Brown Bark, especially from the inside of a crevice, used as a reddish-brown dye. Bark was used to dye the rope used in halibut fishing to make it invisible to the fish. Canoes were often painted with a solution of this bark in water. This stain was made by steeping the bark in water for many days, until the liquid was bright red. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Boughs used as a mattress when camping. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Food, Candy Pitch, from the outside of a crevice, chewed like gum. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Other, Ceremonial Items Boughs used by girls at puberty for rubbing ceremony. Girls at puberty were brushed on the arms and face with boughs, which were bundled together with soft, fern fronds. The bundle was fist-sized, with needled hemlock twigs sticking out from both ends. Before the rubbing ceremony began, the girl would go down to the edge of the water at sunrise and, four separate times, would dip the branches in the water, suck the water from the branches, then blow it out in a fine spray. At the same time, she would dip her face in the water with her eyes open, four times, each time lifting her head and spraying out the water. This was said to prevent eye disease to herself and future children. All bundles used for this purpose were subsequently deposited in a special place. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Entire trees anchored upside down under the water to collect herring spawn. At herring spawning time, in spring, entire hemlock trees were cut and anchored upside down under the water. The spawn stuck on the branches. The branches were then broken off and the spawn peeled away and eaten fresh, usually after steam-cooking. If for later use, the branches were hung outside to be wind dried. When one wanted to eat some, he would soak the branches and rub them to remove the spawn. While being cooked, the eggs would swell and float to the surface and could be scooped off and eaten. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Hemlock & fern bundles rubbed on hunters' face & arms to prevent sea mammals from noticing them. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hoh Drug, Emetic Bark used as an emetic. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hoh Other, Hide Preparation Bark used for tanning hides. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kitasoo Food, Dried Food Inner bark boiled and dried for storage. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 318 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kitasoo Food, Unspecified Inner bark soaked in oolichan grease, drained, cooked and eaten with sugar. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 318 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kitasoo Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Boughs submerged in herring spawning areas to collect the roe. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 318 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Klallam Drug, Antihemorrhagic Compound infusion of bark taken for hemorrhage. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Klallam Drug, Dietary Aid Infusion of plant tips taken to stimulate appetite. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Klallam Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of plant tips taken for tuberculosis. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Klallam Dye, Red-Brown Bark boiled and used as a red-brown dye. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Klallam Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Saplings used as stanchions of fish traps strung across a stream. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |