| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Nitinaht Fiber, Caulking Material Pitch used to fill cracks and knot holes in canoes. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Nitinaht Other, Ceremonial Items Branches used ceremonially to initiate the children. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Nitinaht Other, Ceremonial Items Branches used in winter dances and to make traditional costumes for initiation ceremonies. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Nitinaht Other, Fasteners Roots used for binding gaff implement joints. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Nitinaht Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Pitch used as a protective coating for fishing spears and whaling harpoon heads. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Nitinaht Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make the longer prong in the two pronged salmon harpoon. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Nitinaht Other, Paint Pitch used like shellac on harpoons. The pitch was ignited and caught with a mussel shell as it melted. The whale hunter's entire family would join in and chew the pitch until it was the right consistency. Then the hunter would put the pitch on his harpoon, smooth it over and then burn off the excess. Finally, he would shine it until it was smooth like shellac. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Nitinaht Other, Waterproofing Agent Pitch used to waterproof boxes. These boxes were used only for cold materials, as hot water would melt the pitch. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Oweekeno Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of bark used as a soak for soreness. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 68 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Oweekeno Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Pitch mixed with badge moss and used for arthritic joints. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 68 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Oweekeno Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch boiled and used for dermatitis. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 68 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Oweekeno Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch mixed with pounded dogtooth lichens and used for wounds. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 68 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Oweekeno Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of bark used for gastrointestinal difficulties. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 68 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Oweekeno Drug, Unspecified Pitch eaten as medicine. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 68 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Oweekeno Fiber, Basketry Roots used for structural elements in basketry. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 68 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Oweekeno Food, Candy Pitch boiled and used for chewing. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 68 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Poliklah Fiber, Basketry Roots used to make baskets. The body material of baskets was spruce roots, which were dug out and cut off in lengths of two and a half to three feet and from one half inch to one inch in diameter. These were at once (while full of sap and soft) split into broad flat bands, and these in turn were subdivided by knife and teeth until the desired size was obtained--a little larger than coarse thread, about like small twine. The vertical rods were hazel. The overlay was bear grass. The design was commonly of black maidenhair fern stem or salmon red strands made by dying the stem bundles of Woodwardia fern with chewed alder bark. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 170 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Quileute Fiber, Basketry Roots used for basketry. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Quileute Fiber, Building Material Timber used to make shakes, clapboards and framing timbers. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Quileute Fiber, Caulking Material Pitch used for caulking canoes. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Quileute Fiber, Clothing Roots used for rain hats. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Quileute Fiber, Cordage Limbs and roots shredded, pounded and used to make cord and rope. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Quileute Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Roots used to tie the tines of salmon spears. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Quileute Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Saplings used for the spring poles of snares for deer, elk and other game animals. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Quileute Other, Toys & Games Timber used to make toys. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Quinault Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of gum applied to cuts and wounds. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Quinault Drug, Throat Aid Infusion of inner bark taken for throat problems. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Quinault Fiber, Caulking Material Pitch used for caulking canoes. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Quinault Food, Candy Pitch chewed as gum for pleasure. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Quinault Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Roots used to tie the tines of salmon spears. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Sikani Drug, Cough Medicine Inner bark chewed for a cough. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51, 52 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Thompson Drug, Antidiarrheal Decoction of burned cone ashes taken for dysentery. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Thompson Drug, Eye Medicine Needles used to restore eyesight. A blind person, or one with poor eyesight, rubbed his hands with the needles and then rubbed his eyes with his hands to restore his eyesight. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Thompson Drug, Panacea Decoction of boughs used for any kind of illness. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Thompson Drug, Unspecified Decoction of inner bark taken as a medicine. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Thompson Drug, Unspecified Evergreen tops considered good medicine. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Thompson Drug, Unspecified Infusion of bark taken as a medicine. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Thompson Other, Protection Branches rubbed on skin to protect one against evil or 'witchcraft.' The protective powers were attributed to the prickly needles. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Tlingit Drug, Toothache Remedy Compound containing warmed seeds used for toothache. Krause, Aurel, 1956, The Tlingit Indians. Translated by Erna Gunther, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 284 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Tlingit Drug, Venereal Aid Compound poultice of sap applied for syphilis. Krause, Aurel, 1956, The Tlingit Indians. Translated by Erna Gunther, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 284 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Tsimshian Drug, Hunting Medicine Boughs used by shamans, hunters and fishers during preparatory and purification rituals. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 317 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Tsimshian Other, Ceremonial Items Boughs used by shamans, hunters and fishers during preparatory and purification rituals. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 317 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Yurok Fiber, Basketry Roots used to make the horizontal weave in coarse baskets used for drying foods in the smoke house. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 43 |
| Picea sp. Spruce |
Carrier Drug, Cold Remedy Inner bark chewed for colds. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 69 |
| Picea sp. Spruce |
Carrier Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Inner bark chewed for tuberculosis. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 69 |
| Picea sp. Spruce |
Carrier Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Needles used to make tent floor coverings. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 69 |
| Picea sp. Spruce |
Cree Drug, Throat Aid Cones chewed for sore throats. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 18 |
| Picea sp. Spruce |
Cree Drug, Venereal Aid Gum used as a salve for syphilitic sores. Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 495 |
| Picea sp. Spruce |
Eskimo, Alaska Fiber, Building Material Wood used to support buildings and to build the framework for sod-covered buildings. Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34 |
| Picea sp. Spruce |
Eskimo, Alaska Fiber, Canoe Material Logs and poles used for making kayak parts, weapon and tool handles and other utilitarian objects. Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34 |