| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Western Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of needles taken or raw needles chewed as a cough medicine. Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 24 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Gitksan Drug, Cold Remedy Decoction of bark or inner bark used for colds. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Gitksan Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of bark or inner bark used for coughs. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Gitksan Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of bark or inner bark used for flu. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Gitksan Drug, Tonic Decoction of bark or inner bark used as a tonic. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Gitksan Food, Unspecified Cambium eaten fresh. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 151 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Iroquois Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Gum chewed to facilitate digestion. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Iroquois Fiber, Brushes & Brooms Wood used to make scrub brushes. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Iroquois Other, Fuel Bark used to start fires. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Pitch, swan feathers & slender grass tops burned by shamans when making medicine for a sick person. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of needles used as a rub or bath for dry skin or sores. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch applied to sores and cuts. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Drug, Hunting Medicine Tops put in animal track by girls before stepping over it, to avoid alienating animals from hunters. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Drug, Kidney Aid Infusion of needles taken for kidney problems. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Drug, Panacea Infusion of needles taken to promote general good health. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Drug, Unspecified Tree tops used by the shamans to brush people and remove their sickness. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Fiber, Building Material Wood split or ripsawed and used as lumber for house construction, caches and tent frames. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Fiber, Building Material Wood used for the building log houses. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Fiber, Canoe Material Wood split or ripsawed and used to make boats and canoes. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Fiber, Caulking Material Pitch used to caulk boat seams. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Fiber, Snow Gear Wood split or ripsawed and used to make sleds. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Food, Candy Pitch chewed like gum. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Other, Ceremonial Items Knot ring worn by children on a string around the neck to make them skilled with their hands. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Other, Cooking Tools Roots used for carving spoons and bowls. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Other, Fasteners Roots skinned and used to lash birchbark baskets. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Other, Fuel Wood used for household heating fuel. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Other, Good Luck Charm Golden needles conferred good luck to those who found them. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Other, Hide Preparation Rotten wood pulverized, mixed with rotten willow and used to smoke hides. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Other, Protection Boughs taken home as talismans for protection. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Other, Protection Trees nullified dangerous spiritual forces. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Other, Protection Trees protected those who slept beneath them, especially from malevolent spirits. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Malecite Drug, Unspecified Pitch used in medicines. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Malecite Fiber, Building Material Bark used for hut roofing. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Malecite Fiber, Canoe Material Bark used for canoes. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Malecite Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Needles and branches used for pillows and bedding. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Malecite Fiber, Sewing Material Roots used for thread. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Malecite Other, Waterproofing Agent Pitch used for waterproofing seams in canoes. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Menominee Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of cooked, beaten inner bark applied to wounds, cuts or swellings. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 45 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Menominee Drug, Internal Medicine Infusion of inner bark taken for 'inward troubles for either man or woman.' Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 45 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Micmac Drug, Cough Medicine Bark used as a cough remedy. Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 59 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Micmac Drug, Dermatological Aid Bark used to prepare a salve for cuts and wounds. Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 59 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Micmac Drug, Dermatological Aid Gum used for scabs and sores. Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 59 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Micmac Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Parts of plant used for stomach trouble. Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 59 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Micmac Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Bark, leaves and stems used for scurvy. Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 59 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Micmac Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Stems used for scurvy. Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 59 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Micmac Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Boughs used to make beds. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Micmac Food, Beverage Bark used to make a beverage. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Micmac Other, Fuel Wood used for kindling and fuel. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Montagnais Drug, Tonic Infusion of twigs taken 'for generally beneficial effects.' Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 314 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Ojibwa Drug, Disinfectant Dried leaves used as an inhalant and fumigator. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 379 |