| Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill. Balsam Fir USDA ABBA |
Malecite Drug, Venereal Aid Infusion of bark, spruce bark and tamarack bark used for gonorrhea. Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 257 |
| Alnus incana (L.) Moench Mountain Alder USDA ALINR |
Navajo Dye, Red Powdered bark used as a reddish dye. A dull reddish dye was made from the alder and several other plants. The woman first burned some of the twigs of the juniper or spruce then crushed and boiled the root bark of the mountain mahogany. Only the bark was used because the roots themselves contain no color bearing material. To this was added the powdered bark of the alder together with a ground lichen. This was put together and boiled until it was thought to be right, then it was strained and the wool or yarn was soaked in it overnight. This produced a dull reddish color on wool and a fine tan color on buckskin. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39 |
| Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung Thinleaf Alder USDA ALINT |
Navajo Dye, Brown Powdered bark used as a tan dye. A dull reddish dye was made from the alder and several other plants. The woman first burned some of the twigs of the juniper or spruce then crushed and boiled the root bark of the mountain mahogany. Only the bark was used because the roots themselves contain no color bearing material. To this was added the powdered bark of the alder together with a ground lichen. This was put together and boiled until it was thought to be right, then it was strained and the wool or yarn was soaked in it overnight. This produced a dull reddish color on wool and a fine tan color on buckskin. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39 |
| Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung Thinleaf Alder USDA ALINT |
Navajo Dye, Red Powdered bark used as a reddish dye. A dull reddish dye was made from the alder and several other plants. The woman first burned some of the twigs of the juniper or spruce then crushed and boiled the root bark of the mountain mahogany. Only the bark was used because the roots themselves contain no color bearing material. To this was added the powdered bark of the alder together with a ground lichen. This was put together and boiled until it was thought to be right, then it was strained and the wool or yarn was soaked in it overnight. This produced a dull reddish color on wool and a fine tan color on buckskin. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39 |
| Angelica genuflexa Nutt. Kneeling Angelica USDA ANGE2 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Containers Hollow stems used to collect liquid Sitka spruce pitch. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 211 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Carrier Fiber, Sewing Material Roots used with spruce roots to sew things together. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 67 |
| Empetrum nigrum L. Black Crowberry USDA EMNIN |
Tanana, Upper Drug, Cold Remedy Decoction of leaves, stems, Hudson bay tea and young spruce tree tip used for colds. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 12 |
| Erigeron eximius Greene Sprucefir Fleabane USDA EREX4 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Cold infusion of plant taken and used ceremonially as a lotion for various ills. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51 |
| Erigeron eximius Greene Sprucefir Fleabane USDA EREX4 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Cough Medicine Cold infusion of plant taken and used as a lotion for cough. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51 |
| Erigeron eximius Greene Sprucefir Fleabane USDA EREX4 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Febrifuge Cold infusion of plant taken and used as a lotion for fever. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51 |
| Erigeron eximius Greene Sprucefir Fleabane USDA EREX4 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Hunting Medicine Infusion of plant used internally and externally for protection in warfare or hunting. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51 |
| Erigeron eximius Greene Sprucefir Fleabane USDA EREX4 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Cold infusion of plant taken and used as a lotion for influenza. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51 |
| Erigeron eximius Greene Sprucefir Fleabane USDA EREX4 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Cold infusion of plant taken and used as a lotion for protection from witches. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51 |
| Gramineae sp. Grass |
Tanana, Upper Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Dried plant placed on top of spruce boughs and used as a mattress and dog bedding. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 8 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Haisla Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of roots, Indian hellebore and Sitka spruce pitch applied to wounds. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 214 |
| Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch Tamarack USDA LALA |
Malecite Drug, Venereal Aid Infusion of bark, spruce bark and balsam bark used for gonorrhea. Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 257 |
| Ledum palustre L. Marsh Labradortea USDA LEPAD |
Tanana, Upper Drug, Panacea Decoction of stems & leaves, blackberry leaves & spruce inner bark taken for sickness in general. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 16 |
| Oplopanax horridus Miq. Devilsclub USDA OPHO |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Drug, Dermatological Aid Inner bark placed in wounds followed by an application of Sitka spruce pitch. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 217 |
| Peltigera sp. Veined Lichen |
Oweekeno Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of whole, pounded plants and spruce pitch applied to wounds. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 50 |
| Picea abies (L.) Karst. Norway Spruce USDA PIAB |
Mohegan Drug, Analgesic Poultice of sap or gum applied for boil and abscess pains. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 74 |
| Picea abies (L.) Karst. Norway Spruce USDA PIAB |
Mohegan Drug, Dermatological Aid Sap or gum applied to boil or abscess pains. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 74, 130 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Hoh Fiber, Building Material Timber used to make shakes, clapboards and framing timbers. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Hoh Fiber, Cordage Limbs and roots shredded, pounded and used to make cord and rope. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Hoh Other, Toys & Games Timber used to make toys. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant used as a ceremonial emetic. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Emetic Plant used as a ceremonial emetic. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 12 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Respiratory Aid Infusion of bark used for respiratory ailments. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 27 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of bark used for tuberculosis. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 27 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Beverage Branches used by mountain travellers to make a tea. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 27 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Paiute Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Boughs used on the floor of sweathouses and for camping beds. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 44 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Quileute Fiber, Building Material Timber used to make shakes, clapboards and framing timbers. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Quileute Fiber, Cordage Limbs and roots shredded, pounded and used to make cord and rope. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Quileute Other, Toys & Games Timber used to make toys. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Thompson Drug, Cancer Treatment Decoction of needles and gum taken for cancer. It was said that if this treatment did not work, nothing would work. The decoction was taken with a spoon directly from the bark blisters and in concentrated form. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Thompson Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of needles and gum taken for coughs. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Thompson Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch used for eczema. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Thompson Drug, Dermatological Aid Twig ashes mixed with grease and used as an ointment or salve. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 475 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Thompson Drug, Psychological Aid Tree and red cedar tree caused vivid dreams for anyone who slept under it. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Thompson Fiber, Basketry Bark used to make baskets. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Thompson Fiber, Building Material Bark used to thatch the roofs of lodges. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Thompson Fiber, Canoe Material Bark used to cover canoes. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Sap considered edible. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Thompson Other, Cooking Tools Bark used to make utensils of all kinds. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Thompson Other, Good Luck Charm Tree and red cedar tree provided good luck and wishes for those who asked for it. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Thompson Other, Soap Branch tips and needles boiled and used as a wash by hunters, warriors and boys at puberty. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 505 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Abnaki Drug, Urinary Aid Infusion of cones taken for urinary troubles. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Cough Medicine Inner bark chewed and infusion of inner bark taken for coughs. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 126 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Dermatological Aid Gum used as a salve. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 126 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Gynecological Aid Used in the sudatory, this is taken by women after childbirth and for other complaints. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 126 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Internal Medicine Infusion of branch tips taken to 'heal the insides.' Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 126 |