| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Tools Wood used to make digging sticks. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Hanaksiala Drug, Laxative Infusion of dried bough tips taken for constipation. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Hanaksiala Other, Ceremonial Items Boughs used to hit & rub boys as part of a ritual treatment to increase their strength & tolerance. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Hesquiat Drug, Analgesic Boughs used to scrub skin, until it bled, for aches and pains. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Hesquiat Drug, Dermatological Aid Rendered pitch and deer oil used as salve for sores and sunburn. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Hesquiat Fiber, Building Material Wood sometimes used as lumber. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Hesquiat Food, Candy Cooled, rendered pitch chewed like gum. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Hesquiat Other, Ceremonial Items Boughs used at girl's puberty potlatch to brush with sweeping motions and scare away bad influences. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Hesquiat Other, Fasteners Rendered pitch used as a glue for arrows and harpoons before they were tied. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Hesquiat Other, Fuel Knots used as fuel to keep the fire burning all night. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Hesquiat Other, Weapon Sharpened knots used to make a weapon. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Hoh Fiber, Building Material Timber used to make shakes, clapboards and framing timbers. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Hoh Fiber, Cordage Limbs and roots shredded, pounded and used to make cord and rope. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Hoh Other, Toys & Games Timber used to make toys. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 59 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kitasoo Fiber, Building Material Branches used by hunters as shelter. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 317 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kitasoo Food, Dried Food Inner bark cooked and dried for later use. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 317 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kitasoo Other, Protection Prickly leaves used to discourage and repel animals. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 317 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl Drug, Analgesic Head struck with branches until it bled for headaches. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl Drug, Antidiarrheal Compound decoction of roots taken for diarrhea. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl Drug, Antidiarrheal Decoction of roots used for diarrhea. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl Drug, Cold Remedy Bud extract taken for coughs and colds. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl Drug, Cough Medicine Bud extract or pitch and grease taken for coughs. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of pitch applied to boils, swellings, cuts and abrasions. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl Drug, Disinfectant Branches in house of sick person to prevent anything unclean from entering. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl Drug, Kidney Aid Compound poultice of boiled root bark applied to woman's kidney swellings. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl Drug, Other Branch tips rubbed to cleanse person contaminated with menstrual blood. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Basketry Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make baskets. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Basketry Roots used to make baskets. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Clothing Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make hats. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Clothing Roots used to make hats. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Cordage Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make ropes. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make mats. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Sewing Material Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used for 'sewing wood.' Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Food, Candy Pitch used as chewing gum. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 293 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Fasteners Roots burned, dried, split and used as strings to tie nets, hooks and harpoons together. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make fish nets. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Sacred Items Branch tips used as sacred items. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Drug, Blood Medicine Decoction of plants used to 'take out bad blood.' Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Drug, Dermatological Aid Compound poultice of ashes applied to infant's navel. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Pitch used as a stomach medicine. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Drug, Pediatric Aid Compound poultice of ashes applied to infant's navel. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Drug, Strengthener Decoction of plants used as a strengthening bath. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Food, Candy Pitch chewed as gum for pleasure. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Food, Candy Pitch used as chewing gum. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Food, Unspecified 'Little cones' and buds used for food. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Food, Unspecified Young shoots eaten raw. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Other, Fasteners Pitch used as glue to repair items such as harpoons. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Makah Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Warmed pitch used to protect the harpoon point. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Nitinaht Fiber, Basketry Roots soaked, split in quarters and used to make sturdy pack baskets. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Nitinaht Fiber, Basketry Split roots used for basketry. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 234 |