| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Containers Roots used to make trays and buckets. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Cooking Tools Roots used to make spoons, dippers and bowls. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Fuel Wood used for fires. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Roots used to make floats. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Split wood used to make fish traps and canoe or kayak stringers. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Iroquois Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Gum chewed to facilitate digestion. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Iroquois Fiber, Brushes & Brooms Wood used to make scrub brushes. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Iroquois Other, Fuel Bark used to start fires. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Koyukon Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of needles used as a rub or bath for dry skin or sores. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Koyukon Drug, Hunting Medicine Tops put in animal track by girls before stepping over it, to avoid alienating animals from hunters. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Koyukon Drug, Kidney Aid Infusion of needles taken for kidney problems. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Koyukon Drug, Panacea Infusion of needles taken to promote general good health. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Koyukon Drug, Unspecified Tree tops used by the shamans to brush people and remove their sickness. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Koyukon Fiber, Building Material Wood split or ripsawed and used as lumber for house construction, caches and tent frames. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Koyukon Fiber, Building Material Wood used for the building log houses. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Koyukon Fiber, Building Material Wood used to make poles for tent frames. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Koyukon Fiber, Canoe Material Wood split or ripsawed and used to make boats and canoes. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Koyukon Fiber, Snow Gear Wood split or ripsawed and used to make sleds. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Koyukon Other, Cooking Tools Roots used for carving spoons and bowls. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Koyukon Other, Fasteners Roots skinned and used to lash birchbark baskets. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Koyukon Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Koyukon Other, Hide Preparation Rotten wood pulverized, mixed with rotten willow and used to smoke hides. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Koyukon Other, Tools Wood used to make drying racks. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Malecite Drug, Unspecified Pitch used in medicines. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Malecite Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Needles and branches used for pillows and bedding. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Malecite Fiber, Sewing Material Roots used for thread. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Malecite Other, Waterproofing Agent Pitch used for waterproofing seams in canoes. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Micmac Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Boughs used to make beds. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Micmac Fiber, Sewing Material Roots used as sewing material for canoe birch bark products. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Micmac Food, Beverage Bark used to make a beverage. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Micmac Other, Fuel Wood used for kindling and fuel. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Montagnais Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of twigs taken for coughs. Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 314 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Ojibwa Drug, Analgesic Infusion of roots and bark used for stomach pain. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 244 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Ojibwa Drug, Anticonvulsive Infusion of roots and bark used for trembling and fits. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 244 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Ojibwa Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of roots and bark used for stomach pain. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 244 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Ojibwa Drug, Stimulant Leaves used as a reviver and bark used as a medicinal salt. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 379 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Ojibwa Drug, Unspecified Bark used as a medicinal salt. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 379 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Ojibwa Fiber, Canoe Material Roots used to sew canoes. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 421 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Ojibwa Fiber, Caulking Material Boiled resin and tallow used to make pitch for caulking canoes. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 421 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Ojibwa, South Drug, Unspecified Decoction of leaves and crushed bark taken for unspecified ailments. Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 198 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Potawatomi Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of inner bark applied to infected inflammations. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 70 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Potawatomi Drug, Disinfectant Poultice of inner bark applied to infected inflammations. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 70 |
| Picea pungens Engelm. Spruce USDA PIPU |
Keres, Western Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Infusion of leaves used as a bath for rheumatism. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 60 |
| Picea pungens Engelm. Spruce USDA PIPU |
Keres, Western Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of leaves used for colds. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 60 |
| Picea pungens Engelm. Spruce USDA PIPU |
Keres, Western Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of plant used to clean the stomach. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 60 |
| Picea pungens Engelm. Spruce USDA PIPU |
Keres, Western Other, Ceremonial Items Plant used in ceremonies. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 60 |
| Picea pungens Engelm. Spruce USDA PIPU |
Keres, Western Other, Good Luck Charm Twig bits given as presents to bring good luck. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 60 |
| Picea pungens Engelm. Spruce USDA PIPU |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Branches used for the Chant of the Sun's House. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 20 |
| Picea rubens Sarg. Red Spruce USDA PIRU |
Cherokee Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of bough taken for colds. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57 |
| Picea rubens Sarg. Red Spruce USDA PIRU |
Cherokee Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of bough taken to break out measles. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57 |