| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Alaska Native Food, Bread & Cake Inner bark roasted in a pit oven, sometimes mixed with dried berries and pressed into cakes. Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 146 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of compound containing gum applied to the arms for rheumatism. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Drug, Burn Dressing Leaves chewed and used for burns. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Drug, Burn Dressing Poultice of chewed leaves applied to burns. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Drug, Dermatological Aid Warm gum applied to cuts. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Drug, Heart Medicine Poultice of compound containing gum applied to the chest for heart trouble. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Drug, Internal Medicine Moxa of twigs applied to the skin for 'various internal ailments.' Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 51 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Drug, Internal Medicine Twigs burned and used to cauterize the skin for internal ailments. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Dye, Brown Bark boiled and used as a brown dye for fishnets. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Food, Dried Food Inner bark steamed overnight, pounded, formed into balls, sun dried and eaten in winter. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Other, Cleaning Agent Bark boiled and used on traps to remove rust and give them a clean smell. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bellabella Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Boughs used to collect herring spawn. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Chehalis Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of pounded bark taken for tuberculosis. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Chehalis Drug, Venereal Aid Decoction of pounded bark taken for syphilis. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Chehalis Dye, Unspecified Inner bark made into a dye and used on fish nets to make them invisible to fish and attract them. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Chehalis Other, Fuel Wood used extensively for firewood. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Clallam Drug, Antihemorrhagic Bark boiled, added to licorice ferns and used for hemorrhages. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Clallam Dye, Red-Brown Bark boiled and used to make a reddish-brown dye. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Clallam Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Limbs cut, placed around rocks in tidal areas and used to gather ling cod eggs. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Clallam Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Saplings used for fish trap stanchions. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Cowlitz Drug, Antihemorrhagic Infusion of bark taken for hemorrhage. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Cowlitz Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of plants used as wash for skin sores. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Cowlitz Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch used to prevent chapping. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Cowlitz Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion of plants used as wash for sore eyes. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Cowlitz Food, Spice Branch tips used to flavor cooking bear meat. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Gitksan Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Cambium used as a 'cleanser.' Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Gitksan Drug, Liver Aid Cambium used for the gall bladder. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Gitksan Drug, Other Inner bark used for elimination of hard or sharp swallowed objects. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Gitksan Food, Staple Cambium pit cooked, pounded, formed into cakes, dried, stored and eaten as a staple food. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Gitksan Food, Sweetener Cambium used as a sweetener for other foods. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Gitksan Food, Winter Use Food Inner bark used as a survival food in winter. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla Food, Dried Food Cambium cooked in skunk cabbage leaves, pounded, dried and stored for winter use. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla Food, Staple Cambium pit cooked, pounded, formed into cakes, dried, stored and eaten as a staple food. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla Food, Sweetener Cambium used as a sweetener for other foods. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla Food, Winter Use Food Inner bark used as a survival food in winter. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 150 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Fiber, Building Material Boughs used for making temporary shelters or huts by hunters. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Food, Winter Use Food Cambium dried, pounded, served with oolichan grease and Pacific crabapples and used as winter food. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Ceremonial Items Boughs used among several botanical materials in ritual purification practices. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Cooking Tools Boughs used under cleaned salmon while draining. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Good Luck Charm Boughs rubbed on the body for luck on hunting expeditions. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Boughs used as camouflage by hunters. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Boughs used to gather herring roe. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Protection Boughs made into hoops and used to combat witchcraft. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Weapon Timber used as the 'blade' of an executioner's device similar to the guillotine. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hanaksiala Food, Bread & Cake Cambium formed into cakes, cooked, dried, powdered, mixed with water, grease and fruit and eaten. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hanaksiala Other, Cooking Tools Boughs used in processing salmon. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hanaksiala Other, Cooking Tools Boughs used to wrap and cover foods in earth ovens. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hanaksiala Other, Fasteners Wood made into rings and used to fasten oolichan nets to the piles. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hanaksiala Other, Hide Preparation Bark used to smoke hides into a dark brown color. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hanaksiala Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make piles for anchoring oolichan nets. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |