| Coryphantha sp. Cactus |
Comanche Other, Weapon Spines used to punish unfaithful wives. Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 521 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagon Drug, Dermatological Aid Spines used as probes for boils and ulcers. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Dermatological Aid Spines used as probes 'for ripe boils and ulcers.' Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 457 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Dermatological Aid Spines used as probes for boils and ulcers. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Spines used for fish hooks. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Tools Spines used for piercing ears. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Tools Spines used to probe ripe boils and ulcers. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 454 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Spines used as pins and fishhooks. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 454 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Spines used to make fish hooks. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Tools Spines used as probes for ripe boils and ulcers. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497 |
| Echinocactus polycephalus Engelm. & Bigelow Cottontop Cactus USDA ECPOP |
Kawaiisu Other, Tools Spines used as awls in the making of coiled basketry. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 27 |
| Echinocactus sp. Barrel Cactus |
Havasupai Other, Jewelry Red spines fire warmed and bent into finger rings. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 232 |
| Echinocereus engelmannii (Parry ex Engelm.) Lem. Saints Cactus USDA ECENE |
Pima Food, Fruit Ripe fruits freed from spines and eaten raw. Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 57 |
| Echinocereus triglochidiatus Engelm. Kingcup Cactus USDA ECTRT |
Isleta Food, Fruit Fruits, with spines removed by burning, eaten fresh. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 26 |
| Echinocereus triglochidiatus Engelm. Kingcup Cactus USDA ECTRT |
Isleta Food, Preserves Fruits, with spines removed by burning, made into a conserve. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 26 |
| Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. triglochidiatus Kingcup Cactus USDA ECTRT |
Isleta Food, Fruit Fruits, with spines removed by burning, eaten fresh. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 26 |
| Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. triglochidiatus Kingcup Cactus USDA ECTRT |
Isleta Food, Preserves Fruits, with spines removed by burning, made into a conserve. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 26 |
| Equisetum arvense L. Field Horsetail USDA EQAR |
Blackfoot Dye, Red Crushed stems used as a light pink dye for porcupine quills. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 112 |
| Erigeron peregrinus ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. Subalpine Fleabane USDA ERPEC2 |
Cheyenne Drug, Orthopedic Aid Infusion of dried, pulverized roots, stems and flowers used as a steambath or taken for backaches. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 187 |
| Erigeron peregrinus ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. Subalpine Fleabane USDA ERPEC2 |
Cheyenne Drug, Orthopedic Aid Infusion of roots, stems and flowers used as steambath for backaches. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 187 |
| Erigeron peregrinus ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. Subalpine Fleabane USDA ERPEC2 |
Cheyenne Drug, Other Infusion of dried, pulverized roots, stems and flowers used as a steambath or taken for dizziness. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 187 |
| Erigeron peregrinus ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. Subalpine Fleabane USDA ERPEC2 |
Cheyenne Drug, Stimulant Infusion of dried, pulverized roots, stems and flowers used as a steambath or taken for drowsiness. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 187 |
| Erigeron peregrinus ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. Subalpine Fleabane USDA ERPEC2 |
Cheyenne Drug, Stimulant Infusion of roots, stems and flowers used as steambath when dizzy and drowsy. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 187 |
| Erigeron peregrinus ssp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq. Subalpine Fleabane USDA ERPEC2 |
Thompson Fiber, Basketry Plant used as a pattern in basketry. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497 |
| Eriogonum sp. Buckwheat |
Yavapai Fiber, Brushes & Brooms Stems used to brush off spines on fruits. Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 257 |
| Evernia vulpina (L.) Acharius |
Blackfoot Dye, Yellow Plant pieces used as a yellow dye for porcupine quills. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 113 |
| Ferocactus wislizeni (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Candy Barrelcactus USDA FEWI |
Yuma Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Spines heated and bent to make fishing hooks. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 222 |
| Festuca brachyphylla ssp. brachyphylla Alpine Fescue USDA FEBRB |
Gosiute Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 369 |
| Fragaria virginiana Duchesne Virginia Strawberry USDA FRVIV |
Cherokee Drug, Psychological Aid Kept in home to insure happiness. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57 |
| Fraxinus velutina Torr. Velvet Ash USDA FRVE2 |
Hualapai Other, Tools Wood made into long prongs used to pick from saguaro cacti and pinyon pine trees. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 25 |
| Galium boreale L. Northern Bedstraw USDA GACIC |
Cree Dye, Red Decoction of roots used as a red dye for porcupine quills. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 53 |
| Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. Stiff Marsh Bedstraw USDA GATI |
Micmac Dye, Red Roots used to make a red dye for porcupine quills. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 254 |
| Gaultheria humifusa (Graham) Rydb. Alpine Spicywintergreen USDA GAHU |
Navajo Dye, Black Used to make a black dye. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 68 |
| Geranium caespitosum James Pineywoods Geranium USDA GECAC3 |
Keres, Western Drug, Dermatological Aid Roots bruised into a paste for sores. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45 |
| Geranium caespitosum James Pineywoods Geranium USDA GECAC3 |
Keres, Western Food, Fodder Considered good turkey food. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 45 |
| Glossopetalon spinescens var. aridum M.E. Jones Spiny Greasebush USDA GLSPA |
Shoshoni Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of shrub taken regularly for tuberculosis. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 75 |
| Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby Broom Snakeweed USDA GUSA2 |
Navajo Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Wood made into charcoal used in the medicines applied to the ailing gods. Two kinds of charcoal were used in the medicines which were applied to the ailing gods. The first was made from the bark of the pine and willow. The second was made from this plant and three-lobed sagebrush, to which were added the feathers dropped from a live crow and a live buzzard. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 86 |
| Hedeoma nana (Torr.) Briq. Falsepennyroyal USDA HENAN |
Navajo Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Used by assistant during the War Dance. At noon of the third day of the War Dance, the body of the patient was painted black. Medicine was then made of yarrow, red juniper, pine needles and meadow rue, which were previously pulverized, then thrown into a bowl of water and stirred. This was then dabbed all over the patient who sipped the mixture before bathing his whole body in it. Foxtail grass and mock pennyroyal were then chewed by the assistant and sputtered on the patient. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 72 |
| Hedysarum alpinum L. Alpine Sweetvetch USDA HEAL |
Alaska Native Food, Unspecified Roots eaten raw, boiled or roasted. Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 121 |
| Hedysarum alpinum L. Alpine Sweetvetch USDA HEAL |
Eskimo, Arctic Food, Forage Root tubers eaten by brown and black bears and meadow mice. Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 30 |
| Hedysarum alpinum L. Alpine Sweetvetch USDA HEAL |
Eskimo, Arctic Food, Vegetable Tubers located in mice 'caches' by specially trained dogs and eaten. Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 30 |
| Hedysarum alpinum L. Alpine Sweetvetch USDA HEAL |
Eskimo, Inupiat Food, Frozen Food Roots frozen for future use. Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska. Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 115 |
| Hedysarum alpinum L. Alpine Sweetvetch USDA HEAL |
Eskimo, Inupiat Food, Vegetable Roots, always with some kind of oil, eaten raw or cooked. Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska. Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 115 |
| Hedysarum alpinum L. Alpine Sweetvetch USDA HEAL |
Eskimo, Inupiat Food, Winter Use Food Roots stored in buried sacks for winter use. Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska. Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 115 |
| Hedysarum alpinum L. Alpine Sweetvetch USDA HEAL |
Eskimo, Inupiat Food, Winter Use Food Roots stored in seal oil, fish oil or bear fat for winter use. Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska. Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 115 |
| Hedysarum alpinum L. Alpine Sweetvetch USDA HEAL |
Tanana, Upper Food, Beverage Fried roots, with or without grease, used to make tea. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 14 |
| Hedysarum alpinum L. Alpine Sweetvetch USDA HEAL |
Tanana, Upper Food, Vegetable Roots dipped in or mixed with grease and eaten. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 14 |
| Hedysarum alpinum L. Alpine Sweetvetch USDA HEAL |
Tanana, Upper Food, Vegetable Roots eaten raw, roasted over a fire, fried or boiled. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 14 |
| Hedysarum alpinum L. Alpine Sweetvetch USDA HEAL |
Tanana, Upper Food, Winter Use Food Roots stored, with or without grease, in a birchbark basket in an underground cache. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 14 |
| Hedysarum alpinum L. Alpine Sweetvetch USDA HEAL |
Tanana, Upper Food, Winter Use Food Used in the winter during times of food shortage. A large fire was set over an area where the Indians knew the roots to be abundant. By thawing the ground this way, they were able to dig them out. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 14 |