| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Thompson Other, Soap Sweet smelling bough used by 'old people' to wash their skin, to give their bodies a nice scent. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 97 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Wet'suwet'en Drug, Cold Remedy Decoction of bark or inner bark used for colds. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Wet'suwet'en Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of bark or inner bark used for coughs. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Wet'suwet'en Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of bark or inner bark used for flu. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Wet'suwet'en Drug, Tonic Decoction of bark or inner bark used as a tonic. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Ojibwa Food, Sweetener Maple sugar used to season all kinds of meats, replaced now with salt. Smith describes in detail the process by which the Ojibwe make maple syrup. Although now (1932) they use iron kettles, originally the sap and storage vessels were 'made of birch bark, sewed with boiled basswood fiber or the core of the jack pine root.' The vessels are rendered waterproof by the application of pitch secured by boiling jack pine cones. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 394 |
| Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hook. Flatspine Burr Ragweed USDA AMAC2 |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Ceremonial Items Leaf ash used as Evilway blackening. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 51 |
| Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hook. Flatspine Burr Ragweed USDA AMAC2 |
Zuni Drug, Abortifacient Infusion of whole plant taken and used as wash for 'obstructed menstruation.' Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 51, 52 |
| Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hook. Flatspine Burr Ragweed USDA AMAC2 |
Zuni Drug, Toothache Remedy Ground root placed in tooth for toothache. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 51, 52 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Contraceptive Decoction of branch ashes and pine branch or bud ashes taken to prevent having children. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120 |
| Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Pineapple USDA ANCO30 |
Seminole Food, Unspecified Plant used for food. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 500 |
| Androsace sp. Pinetorum |
Isleta Food, Beverage Leaves steeped in water to make a beverage. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 22 |
| Angadenia berteroi (A. DC.) Miers Pineland Golden Trumpet USDA ANBE2 |
Seminole Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of roots taken and used as a wash for sores. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 271 |
| Angadenia berteroi (A. DC.) Miers Pineland Golden Trumpet USDA ANBE2 |
Seminole Drug, Other Decoction of roots taken and used as a wash for chronic sickness. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 271 |
| Angadenia berteroi (A. DC.) Miers Pineland Golden Trumpet USDA ANBE2 |
Seminole Drug, Other Decoction of roots used by men for menstruation sickness: painful abdominal swelling and impotence. If a man has sexual intercourse with a woman during her menstrual period, the results were more serious than the other menstruation sickness. A doctor would never do this, as it would damage the 'medicine' which he has in his body. Other men were, sometimes, willing to take the risk. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 248 |
| Arceuthobium occidentale Engelm. Digger Pine Dwarf Mistletoe USDA AROC |
Mendocino Indian Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of plant taken for stomachaches. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 345 |
| Arceuthobium vaginatum (Willd.) J. Presl Pineland Dwarf Mistletoe USDA ARVAC |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Decoction of plant used as a ceremonial medicine. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 23 |
| Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. Alpine Bearberry USDA ARAL2 |
Alaska Native Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Berry was juicy but rather insipid in flavor. Not usually available in large quantities. Picked in poor berry years and mixed with blueberries. Flavor was much improved with cooking. Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 77 |
| Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. Alpine Bearberry USDA ARAL2 |
Eskimo, Alaska Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715 |
| Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. Alpine Bearberry USDA ARAL2 |
Eskimo, Arctic Food, Forage Berries eaten greedily by bears and ptarmigan. Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 23 |
| Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. Alpine Bearberry USDA ARAL2 |
Eskimo, Inupiat Food, Fruit Berries, other berries and sugar cooked and eaten. Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska. Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 108 |
| Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. Alpine Bearberry USDA ARAL2 |
Koyukon Food, Winter Use Food Berries stored in grease or oil and eaten with fish or meat. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 55 |
| Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. Alpine Bearberry USDA ARAL2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Infusion of pounded plants used as wash for rheumatism. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231 |
| Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. Alpine Bearberry USDA ARAL2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Blood Medicine Decoction of bark taken for internal blood diseases. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231 |
| Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. Alpine Bearberry USDA ARAL2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Leaves used for medicine ceremonies. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238 |
| Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. Alpine Bearberry USDA ARAL2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Narcotic Leaves smoked to cause intoxication. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238 |
| Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. Alpine Bearberry USDA ARAL2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Panacea Infusion of pounded plants used as wash for general illnesses. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231 |
| Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. Alpine Bearberry USDA ARAL2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Unspecified Leaves used for medicinal purposes. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238 |
| Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat Manzanita USDA ARNE |
Karok Drug, Antidiarrheal Leaves used for diarrhea. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 18 |
| Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat Manzanita USDA ARNE |
Karok Drug, Antidote Plant used for poisoning from Toxicodendron diversiloba. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 18 |
| Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat Manzanita USDA ARNE |
Karok Food, Beverage Berries pulverized and made into a drink. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 18 |
| Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat Manzanita USDA ARNE |
Karok Food, Beverage Berries used to make a drink. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388 |
| Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat Manzanita USDA ARNE |
Karok Food, Dried Food Berries dried and stored in storage baskets for future use. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388 |
| Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat Manzanita USDA ARNE |
Karok Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 18 |
| Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat Manzanita USDA ARNE |
Karok Food, Fruit Dried berries pounded, mixed with salmon eggs, cooked in a basket with a hot rock and eaten. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388 |
| Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat Manzanita USDA ARNE |
Karok Other, Containers Wood used to make reels for string. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388 |
| Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat Manzanita USDA ARNE |
Karok Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make spoons and scraping sticks for acorn soup. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388 |
| Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat Manzanita USDA ARNE |
Karok Other, Walking Sticks Wood used to make canes. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388 |
| Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat Manzanita USDA ARNE |
Klamath Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102 |
| Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat Manzanita USDA ARNE |
Paiute Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 101 |
| Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat Manzanita USDA ARNE |
Paiute Other, Smoke Plant Roasted, dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 101 |
| Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat Manzanita USDA ARNE |
Tolowa Food, Bread & Cake Berries mixed with salmon roe and sugar, formed into patties and baked in rocks. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 18 |
| Artemisia sp. Sage |
Cheyenne Other, Cooking Tools Branches used to remove the spines of prickly pear cacti fruits. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 16 |
| Aster foliaceus Lindl. Alpine Leafybract Aster USDA SYFOF |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Veterinary Aid Decoction of whole plant used as wash for sores on a horse's back. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 80 |
| Aster foliaceus Lindl. Alpine Leafybract Aster USDA SYFOF |
Okanagon Drug, Dietary Aid Decoction of roots taken for loss of appetite. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41 |
| Aster foliaceus Lindl. Alpine Leafybract Aster USDA SYFOF |
Okanagon Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of roots taken for stomach swelling, dyspepsia and indigestion. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41 |
| Aster foliaceus Lindl. Alpine Leafybract Aster USDA SYFOF |
Thompson Drug, Dietary Aid Decoction of roots taken for loss of appetite. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41 |
| Aster foliaceus Lindl. Alpine Leafybract Aster USDA SYFOF |
Thompson Drug, Dietary Aid Decoction of roots used to stimulate appetite. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 461 |
| Aster foliaceus Lindl. Alpine Leafybract Aster USDA SYFOF |
Thompson Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of root taken for various stomach discomforts. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 461 |
| Aster foliaceus Lindl. Alpine Leafybract Aster USDA SYFOF |
Thompson Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of roots taken for stomach swelling, dyspepsia and indigestion. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 41 |