| Aster foliaceus Lindl. Alpine Leafybract Aster USDA SYFOF |
Thompson Drug, Venereal Aid Strong decoction of root mixed with salmon oil and taken for syphilis. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 461 |
| Astragalus miser Dougl. Weedy Milkvetch USDA ASMIM4 |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Season Indicator Blooming plant indicated that the lodgepole pine cambium was ready to harvest. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 28 |
| Astragalus miser Dougl. Weedy Milkvetch USDA ASMIM4 |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Season Indicator Blooms indicated that pine cambium was ready to eat. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105 |
| Astragalus miser Dougl. Weedy Milkvetch USDA ASMIM4 |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Tools Plant used to wipe the juice from the lodgepole pine bark before the cambium was scraped off. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 28 |
| Astragalus miser Dougl. Weedy Milkvetch USDA ASMIM4 |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Tools Used to wipe off the turpentine like juice from the inside of stripped pine bark. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 105 |
| Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf Balsamroot USDA BASA3 |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Unspecified Powdered seeds eaten alone or mixed with deer grease, pine nuts, saskatoon berries or fir sugar. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 80 |
| Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf Balsamroot USDA BASA3 |
Thompson Drug, Sedative Young shoots, when eaten in great quantities, caused sleepiness like sleeping pills. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 175 |
| Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl. Pinegrass USDA CARU |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Caulking Material Leaves mixed with mud and used to chink log cabins and as mortar in making chimneys. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53 |
| Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl. Pinegrass USDA CARU |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Clothing Leaves dried, softened and used as insoles in moccasins. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53 |
| Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl. Pinegrass USDA CARU |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Containers Leaves used at the bottom of berry baskets & in a layer over the berries to keep the berries clean. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53 |
| Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl. Pinegrass USDA CARU |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Containers Leaves used over and under food in pit cooking. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53 |
| Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl. Pinegrass USDA CARU |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Cooking Tools Leaves tied to a stick and used as a beater for whipping soapberries. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 53 |
| Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl. Pinegrass USDA CARU |
Thompson Drug, Gynecological Aid Dried grass rubbed until soft and used as sanitary napkins. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140 |
| Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl. Pinegrass USDA CARU |
Thompson Fiber, Clothing Grass, rubbed and softened, sometimes mixed with sagebrush bark, used to make socks. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140 |
| Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl. Pinegrass USDA CARU |
Thompson Other, Cooking Tools Grass used in drying soapberries. The grass was washed, braided at the ends and laid out on a rack upon which the soapberries were placed to dry. A small fire was lit under the racks and when the berries were dried, they were stored with the grass still attached. Then, for use, the berries and grass were soaked in water and hand mixed. The grass, which helped to whip the berries, eventually floated to the top after which it was removed. Any remaining grass was removed by the person eating the berry whip. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140 |
| Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl. Pinegrass USDA CARU |
Thompson Other, Cooking Tools Tied bunches of grass used as soapberry whips. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 140 |
| Castilleja applegatei ssp. pinetorum (Fern.) Chuang & Heckard Wavyleaf Indian Paintbrush USDA CAAPP4 |
Miwok Food, Beverage Flowers sipped sporadically and as a pastime. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 163 |
| Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh Striped Prince's Pine USDA CHMA3 |
Cherokee Drug, Analgesic Poultice of root used for pain. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh Striped Prince's Pine USDA CHMA3 |
Cherokee Drug, Antirheumatic (Internal) Tops and roots used for rheumatism. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh Striped Prince's Pine USDA CHMA3 |
Cherokee Drug, Cancer Treatment Used as a wash for cancer and ulcers. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh Striped Prince's Pine USDA CHMA3 |
Cherokee Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of leaves used for colds. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh Striped Prince's Pine USDA CHMA3 |
Cherokee Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction used for tetter and ringworm. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh Striped Prince's Pine USDA CHMA3 |
Cherokee Drug, Emetic Infusion given to make baby vomit and poultice of root used for pain. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh Striped Prince's Pine USDA CHMA3 |
Cherokee Drug, Febrifuge Infusion of leaves used for fevers. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh Striped Prince's Pine USDA CHMA3 |
Cherokee Drug, Pediatric Aid Infusion given to make baby vomit and poultice of root used for pain. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh Striped Prince's Pine USDA CHMA3 |
Cherokee Drug, Poison Infusion used to kill rats. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh Striped Prince's Pine USDA CHMA3 |
Cherokee Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Used as a wash for scrofula. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh Striped Prince's Pine USDA CHMA3 |
Cherokee Drug, Urinary Aid Tops and roots used for urinary problems. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh Striped Prince's Pine USDA CHMA3 |
Cherokee Drug, Veterinary Aid Infusion given for 'milksick.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh Striped Prince's Pine USDA CHMA3 |
Cherokee Food, Snack Food Leaves used for a nibble. Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of 'Wild' Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 38 |
| Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh Striped Prince's Pine USDA CHMA3 |
Nanticoke Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Plant used for ague. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 84 |
| Chimaphila menziesii (R. Br. ex D. Don) Spreng. Little Prince's Pine USDA CHME |
Karok Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of leaves taken for female troubles. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 23 |
| Chimaphila menziesii (R. Br. ex D. Don) Spreng. Little Prince's Pine USDA CHME |
Karok Drug, Kidney Aid Decoction of leaves taken for kidney and bladder troubles. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 23 |
| Chimaphila menziesii (R. Br. ex D. Don) Spreng. Little Prince's Pine USDA CHME |
Karok Drug, Urinary Aid Decoction of leaves taken for kidney and bladder troubles. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 23 |
| Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt. Green Rabbitbrush USDA CHVIA4 |
Yavapai Fiber, Brushes & Brooms Stems used to brush off spines on fruits. Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 257 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Kiowa Drug, Burn Dressing Decoction of blossoms used as wash for burns. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Kiowa Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of blossoms used as wash for sores. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Kiowa Food, Unspecified Roots used for food. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Kiowa Food, Unspecified Roots used for food. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Kiowa Other, Protection Blossoms used to cover graves of those recently buried to keep the wolves from digging up the body. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Kiowa Other, Protection Blossoms used to cover graves of those recently buried to keep the wolves from digging up the body. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 58 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Zuni Drug, Contraceptive Infusion of root taken by both partners as a contraceptive. Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 374 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Zuni Drug, Diaphoretic Infusion of whole plant taken as a diaphoretic for syphilis. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 44, 45 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Zuni Drug, Diuretic Infusion of whole plant taken as a diuretic for syphilis. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 44, 45 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Zuni Drug, Emetic Infusion of whole plant taken as an emetic for syphilis. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 44, 45 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Zuni Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of fresh or dried root taken three times a day for diabetes. Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 374 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Zuni Drug, Venereal Aid Infusion of whole plant taken for syphilis. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 44, 45 |
| Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray Yellowspine Thistle USDA CIOC2 |
Zuni Drug, Venereal Aid Infusion of whole plant taken for syphilis. Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 374 |
| Cirsium sp. |
Havasupai Food, Starvation Food Leaves held in flames to burn the spines off and eaten by hunting parties when food was scarce. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 247 |
| Conioselinum chinense (L.) B.S.P. Chinese Hemlockparsley USDA COCH2 |
Micmac Drug, Urinary Aid Infusion of roots, hemlock, Prince's pine and curled dock used for colds in the bladder. Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 259 |