| Opuntia aurea E.M. Baxter Golden Pricklypear USDA OPAU2 |
Shoshoni Drug, Dermatological Aid Fuzz-like spines rubbed into warts or moles to remove them. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 107108 |
| Opuntia californica var. parkeri (Coult.) Pinkava Brownspined Pricklypear USDA OPCAP2 |
Cahuilla Food, Staple Berries and stems were an important and dependable food source. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 49 |
| Opuntia echinocarpa Engelm. & Bigelow Staghorn Cholla USDA OPEC |
Cocopa Food, Fruit Fruits rolled on ground to remove spines and eaten raw. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204 |
| Opuntia echinocarpa Engelm. & Bigelow Staghorn Cholla USDA OPEC |
Maricopa Food, Fruit Fruits rolled on ground to remove spines and eaten raw. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204 |
| Opuntia echinocarpa Engelm. & Bigelow Staghorn Cholla USDA OPEC |
Mohave Food, Fruit Fruits rolled on ground to remove spines and eaten raw. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204 |
| Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck Cactus Apple USDA OPENE |
Cocopa Food, Fruit Fruits rolled on ground to remove spines and eaten raw. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204 |
| Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck Cactus Apple USDA OPENE |
Maricopa Food, Fruit Fruits rolled on ground to remove spines and eaten raw. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204 |
| Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck Cactus Apple USDA OPENE |
Mohave Food, Fruit Fruits rolled on ground to remove spines and eaten raw. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 204 |
| Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw. Brittle Pricklypear USDA OPFRF |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Spines used to make fish hooks. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 92 |
| Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw. Brittle Pricklypear USDA OPFRF |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Stems steam cooked in pits, the outer, spiny skin peeled off and the insides used for food. The stems could also be baked in hot coals until the spines were singed off and then squeezed until the fleshy centers popped out. The inside part was eaten and considered quite tasty. In recent years, some people mixed cactus stems with fruit cakes, but traditionally, it was eaten with northern black currants or other types of berries. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 194 |
| Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. Pricklypear USDA OPHUH |
Dakota Food, Starvation Food Stems, cleared of spines, roasted and used for food in times of scarcity. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 366 |
| Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. Pricklypear USDA OPHUH |
Dakota Food, Starvation Food Stems, with spines removed, roasted during food scarcities. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 104 |
| Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. Pricklypear USDA OPHUH |
Pawnee Food, Starvation Food Stems, with spines removed, roasted during food scarcities. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 104 |
| Opuntia macrorhiza var. macrorhiza Twistspine Pricklypear USDA OPMAM3 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Dermatological Aid Cactus spines formerly used to pierce ears and lance small skin abscesses. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Opuntia macrorhiza var. macrorhiza Twistspine Pricklypear USDA OPMAM3 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Gynecological Aid Stem roasted and material used to lubricate midwife's hand for placenta removal. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Opuntia macrorhiza var. macrorhiza Twistspine Pricklypear USDA OPMAM3 |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Dried Food Fruit dried and boiled. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Opuntia macrorhiza var. macrorhiza Twistspine Pricklypear USDA OPMAM3 |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Fruit Fruit eaten raw. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Opuntia macrorhiza var. macrorhiza Twistspine Pricklypear USDA OPMAM3 |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Winter Use Food Fruit harvested for winter use. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. Tulip Pricklypear USDA OPPHP |
Havasupai Other, Tools Spines used to prick the design into the skin for tattooing. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 233 |
| Opuntia polyacantha Haw. Plains Pricklypear USDA OPPOP |
Montana Indian Food, Fodder In times of scarcity, spines were singed off and fed to stock. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 17 |
| Opuntia polyacantha Haw. Plains Pricklypear USDA OPPOP |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Spines used to make fish hooks. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 92 |
| Opuntia polyacantha Haw. Plains Pricklypear USDA OPPOP |
Sanpoil and Nespelem Food, Dried Food Berry pits roasted, after spines burned off and removed, and used for food. Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 103 |
| Opuntia polyacantha Haw. Plains Pricklypear USDA OPPOP |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Stems steam cooked in pits, the outer, spiny skin peeled off and the insides used for food. The stems could also be baked in hot coals until the spines were singed off and then squeezed until the fleshy centers popped out. The inside part was eaten and considered quite tasty. In recent years, some people mixed cactus stems with fruit cakes, but traditionally, it was eaten with northern black currants or other types of berries. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 194 |
| Opuntia polyacantha var. rufispina (Engelm. & Bigelow ex Engelm.) L. Benson Hairspine Pricklypear USDA OPPOR |
Gosiute Food, Unspecified Joints roasted in hot coals and eaten. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 375 |
| Opuntia sp. Prickly Pear |
Hopi Food, Unspecified Stems, with spines removed, boiled and eaten. Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 17 |
| Opuntia whipplei Engelm. & Bigelow Whipple Cholla USDA OPWH |
Zuni Food, Dried Food Fruit, with the spines rubbed off, dried for winter use. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 69 |
| Opuntia whipplei Engelm. & Bigelow Whipple Cholla USDA OPWH |
Zuni Food, Fruit Fruit, with the spines rubbed off, eaten raw or stewed. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 69 |
| Opuntia whipplei Engelm. & Bigelow Whipple Cholla USDA OPWH |
Zuni Food, Fruit Spineless fruits eaten raw or stewed. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 36 |
| Oreoxis alpina ssp. alpina Alpine Oreoxis USDA ORALA |
Navajo Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant, greasewood and wild privet used as a medicine for the Coyote Chant. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 67 |
| Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill Alpine Mountainsorrel USDA OXDI3 |
Alaska Native Food, Dietary Aid Leaves used as a good source of vitamin C. Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 39 |
| Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill Alpine Mountainsorrel USDA OXDI3 |
Alaska Native Food, Unspecified Leaves eaten fresh and raw. Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 39 |
| Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill Alpine Mountainsorrel USDA OXDI3 |
Eskimo, Alaska Food, Unspecified Fresh leaves mixed with seal blubber and eaten. Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 24 |
| Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill Alpine Mountainsorrel USDA OXDI3 |
Eskimo, Alaska Food, Unspecified Leaves and stems eaten raw or cooked with seal oil. Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35 |
| Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill Alpine Mountainsorrel USDA OXDI3 |
Eskimo, Alaska Food, Unspecified Leaves eaten fresh, soured, boiled or in oil and root also utilized. Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715 |
| Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill Alpine Mountainsorrel USDA OXDI3 |
Eskimo, Arctic Food, Unspecified Leaves and young stems eaten raw and cooked. Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 24 |
| Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill Alpine Mountainsorrel USDA OXDI3 |
Eskimo, Greenland Food, Unspecified Fresh leaves mixed with seal blubber and eaten. Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 24 |
| Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill Alpine Mountainsorrel USDA OXDI3 |
Eskimo, Greenland Food, Unspecified Juice sweetened, thickened with a small amount of rice or potato flour and eaten. Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 24 |
| Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill Alpine Mountainsorrel USDA OXDI3 |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Food, Unspecified Leaves eaten with seal oil. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 190 |
| Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill Alpine Mountainsorrel USDA OXDI3 |
Eskimo, Inupiat Food, Vegetable Leaves eaten raw, with seal oil, cooked or fermented. Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska. Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 65 |
| Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill Alpine Mountainsorrel USDA OXDI3 |
Montana Indian Food, Vegetable Acid-tasting leaves used as a salad. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 17 |
| Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Zucc. Tahitian Screwpine USDA PATE2 |
Hawaiian Drug, Analgesic Roots and other plants pounded, squeezed, resulting liquid heated and taken for chest pains. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 41 |
| Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Zucc. Tahitian Screwpine USDA PATE2 |
Hawaiian Drug, Laxative Flowers chewed by the mothers and given to infants with constipation. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 41 |
| Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Zucc. Tahitian Screwpine USDA PATE2 |
Hawaiian Drug, Pediatric Aid Flowers chewed by the mothers and given to infants with constipation. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 41 |
| Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Zucc. Tahitian Screwpine USDA PATE2 |
Hawaiian Drug, Strengthener Roots & other plants pounded, resulting liquid heated and taken for weakness from too many births. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 41 |
| Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Zucc. Tahitian Screwpine USDA PATE2 |
Hawaiian Fiber, Clothing Leaves used to make hats. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 41 |
| Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Zucc. Tahitian Screwpine USDA PATE2 |
Hawaiian Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Leaves used to make mats. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 41 |
| Peteria scoparia Gray Rush Peteria USDA PESC3 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Dermatological Aid Plant used as a lotion for injury inflicted by porcupine. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 33 |
| Picea sp. Spruce |
Penobscot Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of soft gum or pine pitch applied to boils and abscesses. Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 309 |
| Pimpinella anisum L. Anise Burnet Saxifrage USDA PIAN3 |
Cherokee Drug, Respiratory Aid Infusion of half a teaspoonful in a cup of hot water taken for catarrh. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23 |
| Pimpinella anisum L. Anise Burnet Saxifrage USDA PIAN3 |
Delaware Drug, Cathartic Roots used as a cathartic. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 33 |