| Arctostaphylos patula Greene Greenleaf Manzanita USDA ARPA6 |
Paiute Other, Smoke Plant Fire dried, pulverized leaves smoked with other plants or alone. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102 |
| Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth Pointleaf Manzanita USDA ARPU5 |
Cahuilla Other, Fuel Wood, provided a hot fire and long lasting coals, used for firewood. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40 |
| Artemisia californica Less. California Sagebrush USDA ARCA11 |
Luiseno Other, Ceremonial Items Plant and white sage used to build a ceremonial hunting fire before hunting. The hunters stood around the fire and in its smoke before hunting because they believed that the fire and smoke would absolve them of any breach of social observances they might have committed which would otherwise have brought them bad luck. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 199 |
| Artemisia douglasiana Bess. Douglas' Sagewort USDA ARDO3 |
Kawaiisu Other, Ceremonial Items Plant and meat chewed by a boy and his parents after his first kill. A boy did not eat the meat of his first kill but, together with his parents, chewed the meat mixed with California mugwort and then spit it into the fire. If this custom were neglected, the boy would never kill deer and would become a transvestite. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 12 |
| Artemisia frigida Willd. Fringed Sagewort USDA ARFR4 |
Blackfoot Other, Insecticide Plant put on a fire to attract horses that run to the smoke because it kept flies & mosquitoes away. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 87 |
| Artemisia frigida Willd. Fringed Sagewort USDA ARFR4 |
Blackfoot Other, Insecticide Plant put on campfire coals and the smoke repelled the mosquitoes. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109 |
| Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Louisiana Sagewort USDA ARLUL2 |
Blackfoot Other, Insecticide Plant put on a fire to attract horses that run to the smoke because it kept flies & mosquitoes away. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 87 |
| Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Louisiana Sagewort USDA ARLUL2 |
Blackfoot Other, Malicious Charm Stems used as a curse on horses to slacken in races. Short pieces were broken from the stem and a small, flat, white stone was collected. The man first sprayed the rock with juice from his mouth. Then the stems were placed on the ground; they represented the other horses. The stone was sprayed again and shoved toward the stems, without touching them, three times. At the fourth shove the stone was pressed into the stems. Horses so cursed were sure to slacken in the race. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 40 |
| Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Louisiana Sagewort USDA ARLUL2 |
Thompson Other, Fuel Plant used on the fire in the first smoking of a hide during the curing process. The smoke from this plant was supposed to soften the hide. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 170 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Flathead Other, Fuel Used for firewood in absence of other wood. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 45 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Gosiute Other, Fuel Wood used to produce fire by friction. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 363 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Havasupai Drug, Cold Remedy Stems and leaves used for colds. Leafy stems were placed on the fire and the resulting fumes were inhaled for a cold or runny nose. The fresh leaves were chewed for a cough. More often, it was pounded a bit, boiled in water for ten to fifteen minutes or twenty minutes and then cooled and drunk. The usual dose, a cupful, was taken before breakfast and again after supper. This treatment was continued until the cold was gone, usually in two or three days. Another method was to take two tablespoonfuls every half hour for one day. This method was good for a cold, cough, sore throat or stomachache. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Havasupai Drug, Cough Medicine Stems and leaves used for coughs. Leafy stems were placed on the fire and the resulting fumes were inhaled for a cold or runny nose. The fresh leaves were chewed for a cough. More often, it was pounded a bit, boiled in water for ten to fifteen minutes or twenty minutes and then cooled and drunk. The usual dose, a cupful, was taken before breakfast and again after supper. This treatment was continued until the cold was gone, usually in two or three days. Another method was to take two tablespoonfuls every half hour for one day. This method was good for a cold, cough, sore throat or stomachache. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Havasupai Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Stems and leaves used for intestinal upset. Leafy stems were placed on the fire and the resulting fumes were inhaled for a cold or runny nose. The fresh leaves were chewed for a cough. More often, it was pounded a bit, boiled in water for ten to fifteen minutes or twenty minutes and then cooled and drunk. The usual dose, a cupful, was taken before breakfast and again after supper. This treatment was continued until the cold was gone, usually in two or three days. Another method was to take two tablespoonfuls every half hour for one day. This method was good for a cold, cough, sore throat or stomachache. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Havasupai Drug, Nose Medicine Stems and leaves used for runny noses. Leafy stems were placed on the fire and the resulting fumes were inhaled for a cold or runny nose. The fresh leaves were chewed for a cough. More often, it was pounded a bit, boiled in water for ten to fifteen minutes or twenty minutes and then cooled and drunk. The usual dose, a cupful, was taken before breakfast and again after supper. This treatment was continued until the cold was gone, usually in two or three days. Another method was to take two tablespoonfuls every half hour for one day. This method was good for a cold, cough, sore throat or stomachache. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Havasupai Drug, Throat Aid Stems and leaves used for sore throats. Leafy stems were placed on the fire and the resulting fumes were inhaled for a cold or runny nose. The fresh leaves were chewed for a cough. More often, it was pounded a bit, boiled in water for ten to fifteen minutes or twenty minutes and then cooled and drunk. The usual dose, a cupful, was taken before breakfast and again after supper. This treatment was continued until the cold was gone, usually in two or three days. Another method was to take two tablespoonfuls every half hour for one day. This method was good for a cold, cough, sore throat or stomachache. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Kawaiisu Other, Ceremonial Items Seeds thrown into a fire to explode 'like firecrackers' during celebrations. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Kawaiisu Other, Tools Tarlike lac gathered into a ball, softened in fire and shaped into awl and knife handles. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Kawaiisu Other, Tools Used as preferred material for foreshaft of composite drill for the fire making. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 13 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Klamath Other, Fuel Twig used as a twirling stick to produce fire by friction. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 88 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Montana Indian Other, Tools Dead twigs used for a twirling stick in fire making. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Navajo Other, Tools Wood used in the end of the fire drill. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 81 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Fuel Bark used as tinder and for making friction fires. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 78 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Paiute Fiber, Building Material Wood used for drills, hearths and tinder in the creation of fire by friction. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Paiute Other, Fuel Wood used for tinder in the creation of fire by friction. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Paiute Other, Tools Wood used for drills, hearths and tinder in the creation of fire by friction. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 119 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Tewa Other, Fuel Dry bushes used for fuel in absence of other firewood. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 45 |
| Artemisia tripartita Rydb. Threetip Sagebrush USDA ARTRT2 |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Fuel Bark used as tinder and for making friction fires. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79 |
| Asclepias erosa Torr. Desert Milkweed USDA ASER2 |
Coahuilla Food, Candy Sap collected, set aside to solidify, heated over the fire and used as a chewing gum. Barrows, David Prescott, 1967, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Banning CA. Malki Museum Press. Originally Published 1900, page 75 |
| Asclepias sp. Milkweed |
Kiowa Food, Fruit Young fruits, after first removing the outer 'hairy' surface, cooked and eaten. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 47 |
| Asclepias subverticillata (Gray) Vail Whorled Milkweed USDA ASSU2 |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Unspecified First buds eaten by children. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155 |
| Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milkweed USDA ASSY |
Omaha Food, Vegetable Boiled young sprouts, floral bud clusters and young, firm green fruits used for food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109 |
| Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milkweed USDA ASSY |
Pawnee Food, Vegetable Boiled young sprouts, floral bud clusters and young, firm green fruits used for food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109 |
| Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milkweed USDA ASSY |
Ponca Food, Vegetable Boiled young sprouts, floral bud clusters and young, firm green fruits used for food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109 |
| Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milkweed USDA ASSY |
Winnebago Food, Vegetable Boiled young sprouts, floral bud clusters and young, firm green fruits used for food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 109 |
| Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal Common Pawpaw USDA ASTR |
Iroquois Food, Dried Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 129 |
| Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. Fourwing Saltbush USDA ATCAC |
Hopi Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant used for kiva fires. Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 21 |
| Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. Fourwing Saltbush USDA ATCAC |
Jemez Drug, Stimulant Leaves put unto a fire and smoke used to revive badly hurt, weak and faint person. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20 |
| Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats. Big Saltbush USDA ATLEL |
Papago Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 62 |
| Atriplex wrightii S. Wats. Wright's Saltbush USDA ATWR |
Papago Food, Vegetable Greens used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 61 |
| Baccharis douglasii DC. Saltmarsh Baccharis USDA BADO |
Luiseno Other, Tools Wood used for drilling fires. A small hole was made in a flat, extremely dry stick. The drill, a short piece of wood, was inserted into the hole and twirled to form the dust which would ignite if conditions were dry and favorable. No tinder was used. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 209 |
| Baccharis emoryi Gray Emory's Baccharis USDA BAEM |
Havasupai Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246 |
| Baccharis emoryi Gray Emory's Baccharis USDA BAEM |
Havasupai Other, Toys & Games 'Down' put onto fires by children to produce a sudden burst of flame which spread rapidly. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 246 |
| Baccharis sp. Seep Willow |
Hualapai Other, Fuel Stems used for firewood. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 17 |
| Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf Balsamroot USDA BASA3 |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Unspecified Powdered seeds eaten alone or mixed with deer grease, pine nuts, saskatoon berries or fir sugar. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 80 |
| Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf Balsamroot USDA BASA3 |
Sanpoil Food, Special Food Shoots mixed with chocolate tips and used in the 'first roots' ceremony. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 80 |
| Barbula unguiculata Hedw. Moss |
Seminole Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Plant used for fire sickness: fever and body aches. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 203 |
| Barbula unguiculata Hedw. Moss |
Seminole Drug, Febrifuge Plant used for fire sickness: fever and body aches. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 203 |
| Betula nana L. Bog Birch USDA BENA |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Fuel Used as tinder, even when wet, and for cooking fires for lack of larger wood. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184 |
| Betula nana L. Bog Birch USDA BENA |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Fuel Used as tinder, even when wet, and for cooking fires for lack of larger wood. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184 |