| Acer macrophyllum Pursh Bigleaf Maple USDA ACMA3 |
Cahuilla Other, Fuel Limbs used for house construction and considered good firewood. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29 |
| Acer negundo L. Boxelder USDA ACNEN |
Cheyenne Other, Fuel Wood used as firewood for cooking meat. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 13 |
| Acer negundo L. Boxelder USDA ACNEN |
Kiowa Other, Ceremonial Items Wood burned in the altar fire of the peyote ceremony. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 40 |
| Acer negundo var. negundo Boxelder USDA ACNEN |
Kiowa Other, Ceremonial Items Wood burned in the altar fire of the peyote ceremony. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 40 |
| Acer negundo var. negundo Boxelder USDA ACNEN |
Kiowa Other, Ceremonial Items Wood burned in the altar fire of the peyote ceremony. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 40 |
| Acer pensylvanicum L. Striped Maple USDA ACPE |
Cherokee Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44 |
| Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC. Western Yarrow USDA ACMIO |
Zuni Drug, Burn Dressing Blossoms and root chewed and juice applied before fire-eating or -walking. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 42 |
| Achnatherum speciosum (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth Desert Needlegrass USDA ACSP12 |
Kawaiisu Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. When ripe in June, the grass was cut off in bunches, tied together with stems of the grass and thrown over the shoulder into the carrying basket suspended on one's back. Two procedures were used in preparing the seeds for food. First, the grass was spread out on a flat rock, where it was allowed to dry a half day and then threshed by burning. If the fire burned too quickly, green spear grass was added to slow it down. The burned stalks were stirred and lifted with a green stick so that the seeds would fall out. The seeds were gathered and winnowed by being poured from one basket to another. Boiled, the seeds swelled 'like rice.' A cupful would fill a pot. Second, the grass was dried for a day or two and the seeds beaten out. They would be boiled whole or first pounded to a meal and then cooked. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 66 |
| Actaea rubra ssp. arguta (Nutt.) Hult‚n Red Baneberry USDA ACRUA8 |
Cheyenne Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion of dried, pounded roots & stems taken after childbirth to make first milk pass off quickly. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 174 |
| Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn. Common Chamise USDA ADFAF |
Cahuilla Other, Fuel Large roots used for firewood. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 29 |
| Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn. Common Chamise USDA ADFAF |
Diegueno Other, Fuel Used for firewood. Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 217 |
| Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr. Redshank USDA ADSP |
Cahuilla Other, Fuel Limbs used as a favorite firewood for roasting, giving a high intensity heat. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30 |
| Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr. Redshank USDA ADSP |
Cahuilla Other, Fuel Used for firewood. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 30 |
| Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr. Redshank USDA ADSP |
Diegueno Other, Fuel Wood and roots used for firewood. Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 217 |
| Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt. California Buckeye USDA AECA |
Mendocino Indian Other, Tools Wood used as twirling sticks for making fire by friction. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 366 |
| Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt. California Buckeye USDA AECA |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Tools Wood used to make a drill stick and block for making fires. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 27 |
| Aesculus sp. Buckeye |
Mewuk Other, Tools Wood used to make the fire drill. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 325 |
| Agave americana L. American Century Plant USDA AGAMA2 |
Papago Food, Unspecified Pit baked and used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 61 |
| Agave deserti Engelm. Desert Agave USDA AGDED |
Cahuilla Other, Fuel Dried stalks used for firewood. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 31 |
| Agave deserti Engelm. Desert Agave USDA AGDED |
Papago Food, Unspecified Pit baked and used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 61 |
| Agave palmeri Engelm. Palmer's Century Plant USDA AGPA3 |
Papago Food, Unspecified Pit baked and used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 61 |
| Agave schottii Engelm. Schott's Century Plant USDA AGSCS2 |
Papago Food, Unspecified Pit baked and used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 61 |
| Alaria marginata Postels & Ruprecht Short Kelp |
Hesquiat Food, Dried Food Stipes and fronds with attached herring eggs dried for later use. These strong, tough seaweeds grow in the subtidal and intertidal zones. Sometimes, herring spawn on the stipes and fronds of these short kelps, and then the plants are gathered and dipped briefly in hot water or dried for later use. The spawn is taken off the longer types and the alga discarded, or, in the case of the broad, leafy types, the alga is eaten along with the eggs. If the kelps with spawn are dried first, they are simply soaked in water before being eaten. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24 |
| Allium cernuum Roth Nodding Onion USDA ALCEC2 |
Shuswap Food, Spice Bulbs used to flavor dried salmon heated with dried bread on an open fire. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 54 |
| Alnus incana (L.) Moench Mountain Alder USDA ALINR |
Navajo Dye, Red Powdered bark used as a reddish dye. A dull reddish dye was made from the alder and several other plants. The woman first burned some of the twigs of the juniper or spruce then crushed and boiled the root bark of the mountain mahogany. Only the bark was used because the roots themselves contain no color bearing material. To this was added the powdered bark of the alder together with a ground lichen. This was put together and boiled until it was thought to be right, then it was strained and the wool or yarn was soaked in it overnight. This produced a dull reddish color on wool and a fine tan color on buckskin. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39 |
| Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung Thinleaf Alder USDA ALINT |
Navajo Dye, Brown Powdered bark used as a tan dye. A dull reddish dye was made from the alder and several other plants. The woman first burned some of the twigs of the juniper or spruce then crushed and boiled the root bark of the mountain mahogany. Only the bark was used because the roots themselves contain no color bearing material. To this was added the powdered bark of the alder together with a ground lichen. This was put together and boiled until it was thought to be right, then it was strained and the wool or yarn was soaked in it overnight. This produced a dull reddish color on wool and a fine tan color on buckskin. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39 |
| Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung Thinleaf Alder USDA ALINT |
Navajo Dye, Red Powdered bark used as a reddish dye. A dull reddish dye was made from the alder and several other plants. The woman first burned some of the twigs of the juniper or spruce then crushed and boiled the root bark of the mountain mahogany. Only the bark was used because the roots themselves contain no color bearing material. To this was added the powdered bark of the alder together with a ground lichen. This was put together and boiled until it was thought to be right, then it was strained and the wool or yarn was soaked in it overnight. This produced a dull reddish color on wool and a fine tan color on buckskin. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Clallam Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 198 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Fuel Wood used for fire when drying salal berry cakes. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 282 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of crushed bark, western hemlock and grand fir barks taken for bruises. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Drug, Internal Medicine Infusion of bark, western hemlock and grand fir barks taken for undiagnosed internal injuries. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Drug, Orthopedic Aid Infusion of crushed bark, western hemlock and grand fir barks taken for broken bones and ribs. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Drug, Pulmonary Aid Infusion of crushed bark, western hemlock and grand fir barks taken for lung ailments. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of crushed bark, western hemlock and grand fir barks taken for tuberculosis. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill American Green Alder USDA ALVIC |
Eskimo, Alaska Other, Fuel Wood used as firewood. Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35 |
| Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill American Green Alder USDA ALVIC |
Tanana, Upper Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5 |
| Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. Carelessweed USDA AMPA |
Papago Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 62 |
| Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. Carelessweed USDA AMPA |
Papago Food, Vegetable Greens used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 61 |
| Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng. Slimleaf Burr Ragweed USDA AMTE5 |
Papago Food, Unspecified Roots used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 60 |
| Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik. Canadian Serviceberry USDA AMCA4 |
Iroquois Food, Dried Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128 |
| Amelanchier utahensis Koehne Utah Serviceberry USDA AMUTU |
Havasupai Other, Tools Wood used to make the spindle of the fire drill. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 222 |
| Angelica arguta Nutt. Lyall's Angelica USDA ANAR3 |
Shuswap Food, Spice Young stems eaten and used to flavor salmon heated with dried bread over an open fire. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 56 |
| Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. Tower Rockcress USDA ARGL |
Cheyenne Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of plant taken to check a cold when it first appears. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 174 |
| Arbutus menziesii Pursh Pacific Madrone USDA ARME |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 67 |
| Arbutus menziesii Pursh Pacific Madrone USDA ARME |
Yurok Food, Fruit Berries roasted over an open fire and eaten. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 17 |
| Arctium lappa L. Greater Burrdock USDA ARLA3 |
Iroquois Food, Dried Food Roots dried by the fire and stored away for winter use. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 120 |
| Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper Hairy Manzanita USDA ARCO3 |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Lighting Wood used on the fire at dances and ceremonials because it made a bright light to see by. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 69 |
| Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw. Eastwood's Manzanita USDA ARGLG3 |
Cahuilla Other, Fuel Wood, provided a hot fire and long lasting coals, used for firewood. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40 |
| Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl. Bigberry Manzanita USDA ARGL4 |
Cahuilla Other, Fuel Wood, provided a hot fire and long lasting coals, used for firewood. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40 |
| Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl. Bigberry Manzanita USDA ARGL4 |
Diegueno Other, Fuel Used for firewood. Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 219 |