| Opuntia echinocarpa Engelm. & Bigelow Staghorn Cholla USDA OPEC |
Papago Food, Staple Pit baked buds, fruits and joints considered a staple food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 59 |
| Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck Cactus Apple USDA OPENE |
Papago Food, Staple Fruits and joints used as a staple food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 60 |
| Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw. Brittle Pricklypear USDA OPFRF |
Thompson Food, Dessert Stems roasted over a fire, peeled and eaten as dessert by children. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 194 |
| Opuntia fulgida Engelm. Jumping Cholla USDA OPFUF |
Papago Food, Staple Pit baked buds, fruits and joints considered a staple food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 59 |
| Opuntia polyacantha Haw. Plains Pricklypear USDA OPPOP |
Thompson Food, Dessert Stems roasted over a fire, peeled and eaten as dessert by children. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 194 |
| Opuntia spinosior (Engelm.) Toumey Walkingstick Cactus USDA OPSP2 |
Papago Food, Staple Pit baked buds, fruits and joints considered a staple food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 60 |
| Opuntia versicolor Engelm. ex Coult. Staghorn Cholla USDA OPVE |
Papago Food, Staple Pit baked buds, fruits and joints considered a staple food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 60 |
| Orthocarpus luteus Nutt. Yellow Owlclover USDA ORLU2 |
Blackfoot Dye, Red Leaves crushed and pressed firmly into skins, horsehair and feathers as a red dye. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 53 |
| Orthocarpus luteus Nutt. Yellow Owlclover USDA ORLU2 |
Blackfoot Dye, Red Plant pounded and pressed firmly into the gopher skin as a red dye. McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 276 |
| Orthocarpus luteus Nutt. Yellow Owlclover USDA ORLU2 |
Blackfoot Dye, Red-Brown Whole, blooming plant pressed firmly into skins, horsehair and feathers as a reddish tan dye. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 53 |
| Oxalis corniculata L. Creeping Woodsorrel USDA OXCO |
Cherokee Drug, Cancer Treatment Used for cancer 'when it is first started.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56 |
| Oxalis violacea L. Violet Woodsorrel USDA OXVI |
Cherokee Drug, Cancer Treatment Used for cancer 'when it is first started.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56 |
| Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. Sourwood USDA OXAR |
Cherokee Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56 |
| Parkinsonia aculeata L. Jerusalem Thorn USDA PAAC3 |
Papago Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 60 |
| Parkinsonia microphylla Torr. Yellow Paloverde USDA PAMI5 |
Papago Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 60 |
| Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. Redbay USDA PEBO |
Seminole Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Plant used for fire sickness: fever and body aches. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 203 |
| Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. Redbay USDA PEBO |
Seminole Drug, Febrifuge Plant used for fire sickness: fever and body aches. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 203 |
| Petasites frigidus var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq. Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot USDA PEFRP |
Concow Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Root used for the first stages of grippe. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 395 |
| Petasites frigidus var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq. Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot USDA PEFRP |
Concow Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Root used for the first stages of consumption. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 395 |
| Phaseolus acutifolius Gray Tepary Bean USDA PHACA2 |
Havasupai Food, Vegetable Beans cooked with fresh corn, cooked in hot ashes under a fire or boiled. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 227 |
| Phaseolus lunatus L. Sieva Bean USDA PHLU2 |
Havasupai Food, Vegetable Beans cooked with fresh corn, cooked in hot ashes under a fire or boiled. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 227 |
| Phaseolus vulgaris L. Kidney Bean USDA PHVU |
Havasupai Food, Vegetable Beans cooked with fresh corn, cooked in hot ashes under a fire or boiled. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 227 |
| Phaseolus vulgaris L. Kidney Bean USDA PHVU |
Papago Food, Unspecified Beans grown for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 99 |
| Pholisma arenarium Nutt. ex Hook. Desert Christmas Tree USDA PHAR5 |
Kawaiisu Food, Unspecified Stems eaten raw, 'roasted' or baked below the fire 'like mushrooms.' Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 48 |
| Pholisma sonorae (Torr. ex Gray) Yatskievych Sandfood USDA PHSO |
Papago Food, Unspecified Roots used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 60 |
| Phoradendron villosum (Nutt.) Nutt. Oak Mistletoe USDA PHVI9 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Abortifacient Infusion of plant taken first two months of pregnancy to cause an abortion. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Kawaiisu Other, Tools Straight, rigid, hollow, bamboolike stems used in the making of fire drills. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 49 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Reeds used to make prayersticks for the Mountain Chant Ceremony. The reeds were first rubbed with a polishing stone to remove the silicious surface in order that the paint might adhere well. The reeds were then rubbed with finely powdered tobacco or sometimes with snakeweed. Afterwards the reed was cut into four pieces (or ten pieces for the second ceremony). When this was finished, the sticks were colored and yucca inserted to serve as handles. The sections were then filled with some kind of tobacco. These had to be kept in order. The section growing nearest the ground was segment number one, the next number two and so on. It was also important that the side of the reed growing toward the east be indicated, so the painting would be done on the side having that exposure. This made it more potent. Fifty-two prayer sticks were made for the evening of the third day of the Night Chant. Of these, four were made of sections of reed, twelve of mountain mahogany, twelve of russian olive, twelve of sierra juniper and twelve of cherry. The first people, according to the Navajo, were supposed to have come up to this earth on a reed. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 26 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Paiute Food, Sweetener Dried sap made into balls, softened by fire and eaten like sugar. Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 245 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Thompson Other, Decorations Whitish culms valued for the use in decoration of coiled split cedar root baskets. The culms were harvested while still green and soft, warmed over the coals of a fire and broken at the nodes. They were then split open, flattened and used together with dyed and undyed bitter cherry bark to create patterns on coiled cedar root baskets. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 142 |
| Physalis lanceolata Michx. Lanceleaf Groundcherry USDA PHHI8 |
Dakota Food, Unspecified Firm, young, green seed pods boiled with meat in the spring. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 363 |
| Physalis sp. Ground Cherry |
Iroquois Food, Dried Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 129 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Hide Preparation Rotten, dried wood burned in a slow fire to smoke tan hides. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Fuel Wood used for fires. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Iroquois Other, Fuel Bark used to start fires. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Fuel Wood used for fires. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Iroquois Other, Fuel Bark used to start fires. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 83 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Koyukon Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 49 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Hesquiat Other, Fuel Knots used as fuel to keep the fire burning all night. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Basketry Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make baskets. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Clothing Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make hats. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Cordage Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make ropes. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make mats. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Fiber, Sewing Material Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used for 'sewing wood.' Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Roots burned over a fire, freed from rootbark, dried, split and used to make fish nets. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Seeds oven cooked or fire roasted. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 492 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Blackfoot Fiber, Furniture Wood used to make back rest poles and bed supports. The back rest poles were cut about five forearms in length and dried over a fire of rotten logs. One end of the pole was perforated and the other end sharpened. Then a stick was inserted through the hole and the pole etched. Later it was painted red and blue with buffalo shoulder blade applicators. Back rest poles were often notched to record the number of camp moves. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 116 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make fire tongs. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Pinus contorta var. contorta Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Kwakwaka'wakw Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 70 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Havasupai Other, Fuel Wood used for firewood. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 205 |