| Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr. Western Chokecherry USDA PRVID |
Ojibwa Food, Soup Dried fruit ground into a flour and used to make soup. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 235 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Ojibwa Drug, Analgesic Infusion of root taken by women to allay stomach cramps. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 382 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Ojibwa Drug, Analgesic Smoke from dried leaves on coals used for headaches. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 382 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Ojibwa Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion of root taken by women to allay stomach cramps. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 382 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Ojibwa Food, Soup Young fern sprouts used as a soup material. The tips were thrown into hot water for an hour to rid them of ants, then put into soup stock and thickened with flour. The flavor resembles wild rice. Hunters were very careful to live wholly upon this when stalking does in the spring. The doe feeds upon the fronds and the hunter does also, so that his breath does not betray his presence. He claims to be able to approach within twenty feet without disturbing the deer, from which distance he can easily make a fatal shot with his bow and arrow. After killing the deer, the hunter will eat whatever strikes his fancy. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 408 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Ojibwa Food, Unspecified Young fern tips, with coiled fronds, were like asparagus tips, only not stringy like asparagus. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 408 |
| Pyrola americana Sweet American Wintergreen USDA PYAM |
Ojibwa Drug, Hunting Medicine Dried leaves used to make tea and drunk as good luck potion in the morning before the hunt started. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 430 |
| Quercus alba L. White Oak USDA QUAL |
Ojibwa Fiber, Building Material Wood used in making wigwams and for several other things. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 418 |
| Quercus alba L. White Oak USDA QUAL |
Ojibwa Food, Soup Acorns soaked in lye water to remove bitter tannin taste, dried for storage and used to make soup. Lye for leaching acorns was obtained by soaking wood ashes in water. Acorns were put in a net bag and then soaked in the lye, then rinsed several times in warm water. The acorns were then dried for storage, and when wanted, pounded into a coarse flour which was used to thicken soups or form a sort of mush. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 401 |
| Quercus alba L. White Oak USDA QUAL |
Ojibwa Other, Tools Wood was of much value, especially for making awls to punch holes in birch bark. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 418 |
| Quercus alba L. White Oak USDA QUAL |
Ojibwa, South Drug, Antidiarrheal Decoction of root bark and inner bark taken for diarrhea. Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 198 |
| Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Bur Oak USDA QUMAM |
Ojibwa Drug, Dermatological Aid Bark used as an astringent medicine. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 369 |
| Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Bur Oak USDA QUMAM |
Ojibwa Drug, Orthopedic Aid Bark used to bandage a broken foot or leg. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 369 |
| Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Bur Oak USDA QUMAM |
Ojibwa Dye, Mordant Bark used in combination with other materials to set color. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425 |
| Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Bur Oak USDA QUMAM |
Ojibwa Food, Unspecified Acorns treated with lye to remove bitterness and eaten. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 402 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Ojibwa Drug, Blood Medicine Decoction of bark taken for internal blood diseases. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Ojibwa Drug, Heart Medicine Bark used for 'heart troubles and bronchial affections.' Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 369370 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Ojibwa Drug, Respiratory Aid Bark used for 'heart troubles and bronchial affections.' Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 369370 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Ojibwa Drug, Unspecified Plant used for medicinal purposes. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 242 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Ojibwa Drug, Venereal Aid Infusion of root bark taken for gonorrhea. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Ojibwa Dye, Unspecified Bark used in tanning and coloring. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 242 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Ojibwa Food, Staple Acorns leached with lye and used as of the most important starchy foods. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 402 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Ojibwa Other, Hide Preparation Bark used in tanning and coloring. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 242 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Ojibwa, South Drug, Antidiarrheal Decoction of root bark and inner bark taken for diarrhea. Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 198 |
| Quercus velutina Lam. Black Oak USDA QUVE |
Ojibwa Dye, Mordant Bark used for a reddish yellow dye and to set its own color. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425 |
| Quercus velutina Lam. Black Oak USDA QUVE |
Ojibwa Dye, Red-Yellow Bark used for a reddish yellow dye and to set its own color. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425 |
| Quercus velutina Lam. Black Oak USDA QUVE |
Ojibwa Food, Unspecified Acorns, with tannic acid extracted, equally as good as other acorns. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 402 |
| Ranunculus pensylvanicus L. f. Pennsylvania Buttercup USDA RAPE2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Hunting Medicine Seeds smoked in hunting medicine to lure buck deer near enough for a shot with bow and arrow. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 431 |
| Ranunculus pensylvanicus L. f. Pennsylvania Buttercup USDA RAPE2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Hunting Medicine Seeds used as a hunting medicine. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 383 |
| Ranunculus pensylvanicus L. f. Pennsylvania Buttercup USDA RAPE2 |
Ojibwa Dye, Red Entire plant boiled to yield a red coloring dye and bur oak added to set the color. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 426 |
| Rhus aromatica Ait. Fragrant Sumac USDA RHARA2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Bark and berries used in medicine ceremoniess. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234 |
| Rhus aromatica Ait. Fragrant Sumac USDA RHARA2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Unspecified Bark and berries used in medicinal purposes. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234 |
| Rhus aromatica Ait. Fragrant Sumac USDA RHARA2 |
Ojibwa, South Drug, Antidiarrheal Compound decoction of root taken for diarrhea. Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 201 |
| Rhus copallinum L. Flameleaf Sumac USDA RHCOC |
Ojibwa Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Bark and berries used in medicine ceremonies. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234 |
| Rhus copallinum L. Flameleaf Sumac USDA RHCOC |
Ojibwa Drug, Unspecified Bark and berries used for medicinal purposes. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Ojibwa Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Bark and berries used in medicine ceremonies. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Ojibwa Drug, Dermatological Aid Inner bark of trunk or twig used in compounds as astringents. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 354 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Ojibwa Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion of blossoms used as a wash for sore eyes. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 354 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Ojibwa Drug, Hemostat Infusion of root bark used as a 'hemostatic.' Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 354 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Ojibwa Drug, Unspecified Bark and berries used for medicinal purposes. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 234 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Ojibwa Drug, Unspecified Poultice of leaves used for unspecified conditions. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 354 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Ojibwa Dye, Orange Inner bark and central pith of the stem mixed with bloodroot and used for the orange color. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 424 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Ojibwa Food, Beverage Fresh or dried berries sweetened with maple sugar & made into a hot or cool beverage like lemonade. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 397 |
| Rhus typhina L. Staghorn Sumac USDA RHHI2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Hemostat Root used for hemorrhages. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 354 |
| Rhus typhina L. Staghorn Sumac USDA RHHI2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Oral Aid Infusion of gall infected leaves taken for mouth sores. Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2244 |
| Rhus typhina L. Staghorn Sumac USDA RHHI2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Throat Aid Infusion of gall infected leaves taken for sore throat. Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns, 1981, Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325, page 2244 |
| Rhus typhina L. Staghorn Sumac USDA RHHI2 |
Ojibwa Dye, Orange Inner bark and central pith of the stem mixed with bloodroot and used for the orange color. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 424 |
| Rhus typhina L. Staghorn Sumac USDA RHHI2 |
Ojibwa Food, Beverage Fresh or dried berries sweetened with maple sugar & made into a hot or cool beverage like lemonade. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 397 |
| Rhus typhina L. Staghorn Sumac USDA RHHI2 |
Ojibwa Food, Winter Use Food Seed heads dried for winter use. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 397 |
| Ribes americanum P. Mill. American Black Currant USDA RIAM2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Unspecified Root and bark used for medicinal purposes. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 236 |