| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Cheyenne Drug, Burn Dressing Decoction of roots used as a wash for burns. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 20 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Cheyenne Drug, Burn Dressing Decoction of roots used for burns. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 38 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Cheyenne Drug, Cold Remedy Root chewed for colds. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 20 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Cheyenne Drug, Dermatological Aid Roots mixed with puffball mushroom spores and skunk oil and used for boils. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 38 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Cheyenne Drug, Dermatological Aid Roots used for boils. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 20 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Cheyenne Drug, Dietary Aid Root chewed to increase the flow of saliva and prevent thirst. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 20 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Cheyenne Drug, Febrifuge Decoction of roots used as a wash for fevers. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 20 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Cheyenne Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of roots and leaves taken for mumps and measles. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 38 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Cheyenne Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of roots taken for smallpox, mumps and measles. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 20 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Cheyenne Drug, Oral Aid Infusion of powdered roots and leaves taken for sore mouth and gums. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 38 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Cheyenne Drug, Throat Aid Infusion of powdered roots and leaves taken for sore throat. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 38 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Cheyenne Drug, Toothache Remedy Root chewed for toothaches, especially cavities. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 20 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Cheyenne Drug, Toothache Remedy Roots chewed for toothache. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 38 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Crow Drug, Cold Remedy Roots chewed and used for colds. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 38 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Crow Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of roots taken for colic. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 38 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Crow Drug, Toothache Remedy Roots chewed for toothache. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 38 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Dakota Drug, Anthelmintic Decoction of roots taken as a vermifuge. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 361 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Dakota Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of roots applied to inflammation to relieve the burning sensation. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 368 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Dakota Drug, Eye Medicine Decoction of roots used for sore eyes. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 367 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Dakota Drug, Snake Bite Remedy Plant used as an antidote for snakebites. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 368 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Sioux Drug, Analgesic Plant used in the smoke treatment for headache. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 38 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Sioux Drug, Antidote Used as an antidote for rattlesnake and other venomous bites, stings and poisonous conditions. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 38 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Sioux Drug, Burn Dressing Decoction of roots used for burns. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 38 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Sioux Drug, Toothache Remedy Roots chewed for toothache. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 38 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Sioux Drug, Veterinary Aid Plant used in the smoke treatment for horses with distemper. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 38 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Sioux Other, Protection Juice used by 'jugglers' for protection in handling hot meat. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 38 |
| Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Eastern Purple Coneflower USDA ECPU |
Choctaw Drug, Cough Medicine Root chewed, saliva swallowed and tincture of root used for cough. Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 288 |
| Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Eastern Purple Coneflower USDA ECPU |
Choctaw Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Root chewed, saliva swallowed and tincture of root used for dyspepsia. Campbell, T.N., 1951, Medicinal Plants Used by Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41(9):285-290, page 288 |
| Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Eastern Purple Coneflower USDA ECPU |
Delaware Drug, Venereal Aid Infusion of roots used for advanced cases of venereal disease. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 35 |
| Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Eastern Purple Coneflower USDA ECPU |
Delaware Drug, Venereal Aid Roots combined with staghorn sumac roots and used for venereal disease. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 33 |
| Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Eastern Purple Coneflower USDA ECPU |
Delaware, Oklahoma Drug, Venereal Aid Simple or compound infusion of root, highly effective, taken for gonorrhea. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 29, 74 |
| Echinacea sp. Purple Cone Flower |
Comanche Drug, Throat Aid Decoction of root taken for sore throat. Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 521 |
| Echinacea sp. Purple Cone Flower |
Comanche Drug, Toothache Remedy Root held against tooth for toothaches. Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 521 |
| Echinocereus fendleri (Engelm.) F. Seitz Pinkflower Hedgehog Cactus USDA ECFEF2 |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Fruit Raw fruit used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 41 |
| Echinocereus fendleri (Engelm.) F. Seitz Pinkflower Hedgehog Cactus USDA ECFEF2 |
Cochiti Food, Unspecified Stems pit roasted and eaten. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 26 |
| Echinocereus fendleri (Engelm.) F. Seitz Pinkflower Hedgehog Cactus USDA ECFEF2 |
Hopi Food, Sweetener Fruits dried and used as a source of sweetening. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 85 |
| Encelia virginensis var. actonii (Elmer) B.L. Turner Acton's Brittlebush USDA ENVIA |
Kawaiisu Drug, Analgesic Decoction of leaves and flowers used as a wash for rheumatic pains. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 27 |
| Encelia virginensis var. actonii (Elmer) B.L. Turner Acton's Brittlebush USDA ENVIA |
Kawaiisu Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of leaves and flowers used as a wash for rheumatic pains. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 27 |
| Ephedra viridis Coville Mormon Tea USDA EPVI |
Hopi Drug, Tonic Dried flowers and stems taken as a tonic. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 312 |
| Ephedra viridis Coville Mormon Tea USDA EPVI |
Tewa Drug, Tonic Dried flowers and stems taken as a tonic. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 312 |
| Epigaea repens L. Trailing Arbutus USDA EPRE2 |
Potawatomi Other, Sacred Items Tribal flower of Forest Potawatomi and considered these flowers came directly from their divinity. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 118 |
| Epilobium densiflorum (Lindl.) Hoch & Raven Denseflower Spike Primrose USDA EPDE4 |
Mendocino Indian Food, Bread & Cake Seeds used to make bread. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 370 |
| Epilobium densiflorum (Lindl.) Hoch & Raven Denseflower Spike Primrose USDA EPDE4 |
Mendocino Indian Food, Staple Seeds eaten as a pinole. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 370 |
| Epilobium densiflorum (Lindl.) Hoch & Raven Denseflower Spike Primrose USDA EPDE4 |
Miwok Food, Unspecified Parched, pulverized, dried seeds used for food. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 152 |
| Epilobium densiflorum (Lindl.) Hoch & Raven Denseflower Spike Primrose USDA EPDE4 |
Miwok Food, Unspecified Stored, unparched seeds used for food. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 152 |
| Epilobium densiflorum (Lindl.) Hoch & Raven Denseflower Spike Primrose USDA EPDE4 |
Pomo Food, Staple Seeds used to make pinoles. Barrett, S. A., 1952, Material Aspects of Pomo Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 20, page 86 |
| Epipactis gigantea Dougl. ex Hook. Giant Helleborine USDA EPGI |
Karok Other, Decorations Flowers used for their prettiness. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 381 |
| Eriastrum densifolium (Benth.) Mason Giant Woolstar USDA ERDE2 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Dermatological Aid Dried, pounded flowers and roots used as a salve for venereal sores. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 28 |
| Eriastrum densifolium (Benth.) Mason Giant Woolstar USDA ERDE2 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Venereal Aid Dried, pounded flowers and roots used as a salve for venereal sores. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 28 |
| Ericameria cooperi (Gray) Hall Cooper's Heathgoldenrod USDA ERCO23 |
Tubatulabal Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Compound decoction of stalks and flowers used as a wash for rheumatism. Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 59 |